Ap Review Of Ap Biology Final

Front 1

2.A.1 All living systems require constant input of free energy.

Life requires a highly ordered system.

Back 1

Order is maintained by constant free energy input into the system. Where do living things get this energy?

Front 2

Loss of order or free energy flow results in death.

Back 2

What is the term used to describe this loss of order?

Front 3

Increased disorder and entropy are offset by biological processes that maintain or increase order.

Back 3

Briefly describe these biological processes.

Front 4

Living systems do not violate the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy increases over time.

Back 4

Fill in the blank:
Order is maintained by coupling cellular processes that __________ entropy (and so have negative changes in free energy) with those that ________entropy (and so have positive changes in free energy).

Front 5

Energy input must exceed free energy lost to entropy to maintain order and power cellular processes.

Back 5

Use a living example to simplify this concept.

Front 6

Energy input must exceed free energy lost to entropy to maintain order and power cellular processes.

Back 6

Energetically favorable ___gonic reactions, such as ATP→ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be used to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change.

Front 7

Briefly illustrate or describe the cycle

Back 7

Krebs Cycle

Front 8

Briefly illustrate or describe the cycle

Back 8

Glycolysis;

Front 9

Briefly illustrate or describe the cycle

Back 9

Calvin Cycle;

Front 10

Briefly illustrate or describe the cycle

Back 10

Fermentation

Front 11

Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce.
Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism.

Back 11

Describe how this applies to Endothermy;

Front 12

Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce.
Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism

Back 12

Describe how this applies to Ectothermy;

Front 13

Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce.
Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism

Back 13

Describe how this applies to Elevated floral temperatures in some plant specie

Front 14

Reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability.

Back 14

How does this apply to Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants; Life history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause)

Front 15

Reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability.

Back 15

How does this apply to Life history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause)

Front 16

There is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms — .

Back 16

Complete the blanks:
generally, the _________ the organism, the _____________metabolic rate

Front 17

Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce.

Back 17

Fill in the blank:
Excess acquired free energy versus required free energy expenditure results in __________ or __________.

Front 18

Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce.

Back 18

Finish:
Insufficient acquired free energy versus required free energy expenditure results in loss of _____________________

Front 19

Changes in free energy availability can result in changes in population size.

Back 19

Provide a specific example

Front 20

Changes in free energy availability can result in disruptions to an ecosystem.

Back 20

Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels; Provide a specific example

Front 21

Changes in free energy availability can result in disruptions to an ecosystem

Back 21

Change in energy resource levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of trophic levels. Provide a specific example:

Front 22

2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.

Autotrophs capture free energy from physical sources in the environment.

Back 22

Photosynthetic organisms capture free energy present in sunlight.
Describe or illustrate this process

Front 23

Chemosynthetic organisms capture free energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment, and this process can occur in the absence of oxygen

Back 23

Briefly describe or illustrate this process

Front 24

Heterotrophs capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms.

Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy.

Back 24

Briefly descibe the metabolism of each, but keep in mind
Specific steps, names of enzymes and intermediates of the pathways for these processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

Front 25

Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy.

Back 25

Compare the number of calories generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

Front 26

Fermentation produces organic molecules, including lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Back 26

Briefly describe this process but keep in mind: Specific steps, names of enzymes and intermediates of the pathways for these processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

Front 27

Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Back 27

Briefly describe this process but keep in mind: Specific steps, names of enzymes and intermediates of the pathways for these processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

Front 28

Different energy-capturing processes use different types of electron acceptors.

Back 28

Describe how NADP + accepts electrons in photosynthesis;

Front 29

Different energy-capturing processes use different types of electron acceptors.

Back 29

Describe how oxygen is used to accept electrons in cellular respiration

Front 30

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy present in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules.

Back 30

Complete:
During photosynthesis, _____________ absorb free energy from light, boosting _________ to a higher energy level in Photosystems ____ and ______.

Front 31

"Memorization of the steps in the Calvin cycle, the structure of the molecules and the names of enzymes (with the exception of ATP synthase) are beyond the scope
of the course and the AP Exam.
"

Back 31

What are the enzymes and involved with ATP synthase and what do they do?

Front 32

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy present in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules.

Back 32

Fill in:
_________ I and II are embedded in the internal __________of chloroplasts (called _______) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy _______ through an _________ ________ __________ (ETC).

Front 33

When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC

Back 33

Explain how this elcetrochemical gradient works.

Front 34

The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase.

Back 34

Describe or illustrate how this process works

Front 35

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy present in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules.

Back 35

Fill in.
The energy captured in the ________ reactions as ATP and ____________ powers the production of carbohydrates from ________ ______ in the _________ cycle, which occurs in the __________of the chloroplast.

Front 36

Photosynthesis first evolved in prokaryotic organisms; scientific evidence supports that prokaryotic (bacterial) photosynthesis was responsible for the production of an oxygenated atmosphere; .

Back 36

Provide evidence to support this

Front 37

Prokaryotic photosynthetic pathways were the foundation of eukaryotic photosynthesis.

Back 37

Provide evidence to support this

Front 38

Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme- catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates.

Back 38

Complete:
Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in __________ molecules, releasing free energy to form _____ from _____and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of __________.

Front 39

Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs.

Back 39

What is the name of the process where further oxidation occurs?

Front 40

Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme- catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates.

Back 40

Complete:
In the _______cycle, ________ _________ is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from _____ and inorganic _________ via substrate level _________ and ______________are captured by coenzymes.

Front 41

Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme- catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates.

Back 41

Complete:
Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by _______ and_________ to the ________ __________ ____________.

Front 42

The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes.

Note: "The names of the specific electron carriers in the ETC are beyond the scope of the
course and the AP Exam.
"

Back 42

Identify 3 places in various cells that contain electrochemical gradient across membranes

Front 43

The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes.

Back 43

Complete:
2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by ______and _______ are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, _________. In photosynthesis, the terminal electron acceptor is __________.

Front 44

The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes.

Back 44

Complete:
The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a ________ gradient across the inner ______ membrane or the _________ membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of _______ proton concentration from a region of _____proton concentration. In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied by the _________ movement of protons across the ________ ________.

Front 45

The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Back 45

Illustrate or describe this process in detail

Front 46

In cellular respiration, decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport is involved in thermoregulation.

Back 46

Describe how this process works

Front 47

Free energy becomes available for metabolism by the conversion of ATP→ADP, which is coupled to many steps in metabolic pathways.

Back 47

Provide an example of this process

Front 48

2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.

Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.

Back 48

Carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build ________, proteins, ________ or _____ ______. Carbon is used in _______ compounds and _________ formation in all organisms.

Front 49

Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization.

Back 49

Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building ______ and ________ ______. _____________ moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in nucleic acids and certain lipids.

Front 50

Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding.

Back 50

Describe how this relates to cohesion

Front 51

Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding.

Back 51

Describe how this relates to: High specific heat capacity

Front 52

Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding.

Back 52

Describe how this relates to:Universal solvent supports reactions

Front 53

Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding.

Back 53

Describe how this relates to:Heat of Vaporization

Front 54

Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding.

Back 54

Describe how this relates to:Heat of Fusion

Front 55

Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding.

Back 55

Describe how this relates to:Water's thermal conductivity

Front 56

Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system’s ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products.

Back 56

Complete"
As cells increase in ________, the relative surface area _______ and demand for material resources _______; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size.

Front 57

How do the following types of cells compensate for cell size

Back 57

Describe adaptations in Root hair and Cells of the alveoli for osmosis and diffusion;

Front 58

How do the following types of cells compensate for cell size

Back 58

Describe adaptations in Cells of the villi and Microvilli for osmosis and diffusion

Front 59

The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment.

Back 59

Provide at least one additional example to support this statement