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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Digestion of Carbs?
Where |
begins in mouth, then St,
|
|
Digestion of protein?
where |
Begins in St, then to SI
|
|
St cells?
|
1-mucous cells
2-chief cells 3-parietal cells 4-g cells |
|
mucous cells secret?
effect? |
mucus for lubrication and protection
|
|
chief cells secret?
effect? |
pepsinogen for digestion of protein
|
|
parietal cells secret?
effect? |
hydrochloride acid (HCI) which converts pepsinogen into pepsin. Pepsin increases vit. b12 absorption.
|
|
G cells secret?
effect? |
Gastrin, which increases gastric juice secretion. Increases motility of GI tract
|
|
Which digestive organ has both endocrine and exocrine fx's?
|
-St
|
|
St. and absorption?
|
little occurs
|
|
Main place of digestion?
|
SI
|
|
Salivary amylase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-salivary gland -starches, glycogen, dextrins -maltose, maltotriose, dextrins |
|
Pancreatic amylase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-pancreas -starches, glycogen, dextrins -maltose, maltotriose, dextrins |
|
maltase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-SI -maltose -glucose |
|
sucrase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-SI -Sucrose -glucose and sucrose |
|
lactase?
Source substrate product |
-carb
-SI -lactose -glucose and galactose |
|
pepsin?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-St. -proteins -peptides |
|
trypsin?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-Pancreas -proteins -peptides |
|
chymotrypsin?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-Pancreas -proteins -peptides |
|
Carboxypeptidase?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-pancreas -last AA (carboxyl) end of peptide -peptides and AA |
|
peptidase?
Source substrate product |
-protein
-SI -last AA, end of peptides & dipetides -peptides and AA |
|
Pancreatic lipase?
source substrate product |
-lipid
-Pancreas -triglycerides that have been emulsified by bile salts -fatty acids and monoglycerides |
|
ribonulease?
source substrate product |
-nucleases
-pancreas & SI -ribonucleic acid nucleotides -pentoses and nitrogenous bases |
|
deoxyribonuclease?
source substrate product |
-nucleases
-pancreas and SI -deosyribonucleic acid nucleotides -pentoses and nitrogenous bases |
|
digestive organs that absorb?
|
90% SI
10% St and LI |
|
Digestive organs that does not digestion?
|
LI
|
|
vitamins produced by LI?
|
-vit. k
-b complex vits |
|
fx of liver?
8 |
1. manufacture of bile
2. carbohydrate metabolism 3. protein metabolism 4. lipid metabolism 5. detoxification 6. excretion of bilirubin 7. storage of vit. and min. 8. activation of vit. d |
|
Which digestive organ has both endocrine and exocrine fxs?
|
stomach
|
|
peptic ulcer disease causes?
3 |
-shi gastric acid
-infection of helicobacter pylori -NSAID's |
|
peptic ulcer disease s/s?
|
epigastric pain, distention, bleching, sour regurgitation, dyspepsia
|
|
peptic ulcer disease complications?
|
hemorrage, perforation, obstruction, carcinoma
|
|
Hepatitis A?
virus transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HAV
-fecal/oral -no chronic or carrier state -yes |
|
Hepatitis B?
transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HBV
-parenteral route (bld, sex, viral) -5-10% cases turn chronic -yes |
|
Hepatitis C?
transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HCV
-parenteral route -45% turn chronic -no |
|
Hepatitis D?
transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HDV
-parenteral, in US drug abusers -severe and chronic -no |
|
Hepatitis E?
transmission prognosis vaccine |
-HEV
-fecal/oral -very few in the US |
|
Fat soluble vitamins?
|
A, D, E, K-stored in cells, esp. liver
|
|
water soluble vitamins?
|
B, C-must be taken with food. not stored in body
|
|
vit. A xu?
|
night blindness
|
|
vit. D xu?
|
rickets
osteomalacia |
|
vit. E xu?
|
hemolytic anemia
|
|
vit. K xu?
|
delayed clotting time during bleeding
|
|
vit. B1 xu?
|
beriberi
polyneuritis |
|
vit. B2 xu?
|
ariboflavinosis-skin and tongue disorders/lesions, ect.
|
|
vit. B3 xu?
|
pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea, shen disturbances
|
|
vit. B6 xu?
|
dermatitis of eyes, nose and mouth
|
|
vit. B12 and folate xu?
|
macrocytic anemia
|
|
vit. C xu?
|
scurvy, anemia, poor wound healing
|
|
Vit. D overdose?
|
hypercalcemia
kidney stone |
|
vit. E overdose?
|
prolonged clotting time and bleeding tendency
|
|
1 gram protein=calories?
1 gram carb=calories? 1 gram fat=calories? |
p-4 C
c-4 C f-9 C |
|
Which vit.s have antioxidant effects?
|
C, E, B-caroten
|
|
Free radical damage?
|
cell menbranes
form atherosclerotic plaques |
|
HDL?
|
removes shi cholesterol from body cells
-can prevent atherosclerosis |
|
obesity?
|
20% and more above ideal body weight
|
|
BMI?
|
above 27.4 women
above 27.8 men is overweight-determines obesity |
|
Ideal body weight?
|
-over 10% of ideal body weight is overweight
-20% and more above ideal body weight |
|
BMI formula?
|
1-weight/2.2 lbs=weight in (kg)
2-height (inches)x2.54, then move . over 2 spaces to the left, then square=height (m2) 3-weight (kg)/height (m2)=BMI |
|
Ideal body weight formula?
|
1-height (inches)x2.54=height (cm)
2-height (cm) -100=IBW (kg) |
|
1 inch=cm?
1 kg=lbs? |
-2.54 cm
-2.2 lbs |
|
Intracellular fluid (ICF)?
|
in the cell body, makes up 2/3 of body fluid
|
|
Extracellular fluid (ECF)?
|
all body flds outside the cells-includes lymph, cerebrospinal fld, synovial, ect.
|
|
main electrolytes in ECF?
|
Na, Cl
|
|
main electrolytes in ICF?
|
K
|
|
Normal bld ph?
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
buffer system?
|
substances that prevent sharp changes in acid-base balance and maintain a realtivley constant ph.
|
|
Protein buffer system?
|
hemoglobin, albumin are good buffers
|
|
carbonic acid(H2CO3) and bicarbonate(HCO3) buffer system?
|
they are weak acid and weak base buffer system. if the bld ph decreases HCO3 can remove the shi H, if the bld ph increases H2CO3 can provide and H
|
|
Phosphate(H2PO4 &HPO3) buffer system?
|
weak acid and weak base buffer system
|
|
acidosis?
|
bld ph is below 7.35
|
|
metabolic acidosis?
|
caused by overproduction of acids-diabetic ketoacidosis, chronic renal failure
|
|
respiratory acidosis?
|
results from respiratory disorders-respiratory failure and chronic restrictive lung disese
|
|
alkalosis?
|
bld ph is higher 7.45
-affects the nervous system, pts have fast deep respiration, depression, lethargy, coma, death |
|
respiratory alkalosis?
|
caused by hyperventilation-severe anxiety, hysteria
|
|
metabolic alkalosis?
|
can be caused by severe vomiting, ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate(antacids)
-affects the nervous system, nervousness, muscle spasms, convulsions, death |
|
Glomerular?
What can and can not be filtered? |
1st step in urine production
-water and most solutes can pass -bld cells and large molecules, like protein can not |
|
Tubular reabsorption?
|
2nd step in urine production
-99% of water and substances are reabsorbed by rental tubes -the rest is eliminated daily |
|
Tubular secretion?
|
3nd step in urine production
-some substances, like K& H are actively moved from bld into nephrons. |
|
Urine concentration?
|
4nd step in urine production
-filtered fld passes through helens loop , DCT and connecting duct, water is then returned to bld |
|
Volume of urine in 24hrs?
|
-excretion about 1,000-2,000ml/24hrs
|
|
polyuria?
|
above 2,500ml/24hrs
-seen in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus |
|
oliguria?
|
below 500ml/24hrs
-seen in acute and chronic renal failure, obstruction of urinary tract |
|
hormone that controls volume of urine?
|
ADH
|
|
renal tube sections?
|
include-proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), henle's loop, distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct
|
|
Glomerular fx?
|
flds and solutes smaller than certain size filter through filtration membranes (endothelium & podocytes) of capillary walls by pressure.
|
|
renal tubes?
|
reabsorb substances like nutrients and return them to bld circulation
|
|
endocrine hormones secreted by the kidneys?
|
calcitriol, erythropoieten (EPO), renin-stimulates angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA)
|
|
Serum Creatinine (SCR)?
|
-less than 1.5 mg/ml renal failure
-high amount in serum is bad |
|
Creatinine clearance (CCR)?
|
-about 100ml/mm represents renal failure
-low volume in serum and urine is bad |
|
UTI?
|
caused by bacteria-ecoli
-urine can be red |
|
Dysfunction of reabsorption?
|
may cause renal tube disease
-polyuria, phosphours, AA, glucose, ect, in urine |
|
disfunction of renal tubes?
|
-chronic renal failure (CRF)
-edema, metabolic acidosis, anemia, hypertension, nausea, ht failure, pulmonary edema, pericarditis, pleuritis, renal osteodystrophy, dementia or coma |
|
Acid base of CRF?
|
metabolic acidosis
|
|
Causes of CRF?
|
-39.2% systemic disease or diabetes
-28.2% hypertension/large vessel disease -11.0% glomerulonephritis |
|
male sex hormones and from where?
|
ant. pituitary
FSH-spermatoza LH-testosterone |
|
ovaries hormones?
|
estrogen, progesterone
|
|
testosterone fx?
|
-maintainace of reproductive system (develpment of spermatoza)
-develpment of 2nd sex characteristics (deeper voice, more body hair, ect) |
|
prostate gland?
|
single gland
inf. to the ub. ducts carry secretions into the urethra |
|
bulouretheral (cowpers) glands?
|
pair of glands located below prostate. secret mucus to lubricate urethra and tip of penis
|
|
prostate cancer risks?
|
-most common cancer men over 50
-age, high level of androgen, high fat diet, AA, + family history |
|
prostate cancer ss?
|
dysuria, urinary retention/incontinence, hematuria, bone pain from metastic disease
|
|
menstrual phase?
|
-day 1-5
-if no fert. corpus lutuem degenerate w/out sex hormone support -bleeding occurs |
|
preovulatory phase?
|
-day 6-13
-a follicle develops, estrogen secretion, uterine endometrium is stimulated -neg. post. feedback of estrogen -FSH decreases, LH increases |
|
postovulatory phase?
|
-day 15-28
-corpus luteum formation -progesterone, estrogen increase, stimulating endometrium & neg. feedback -FSH, LH decrease -ovum journey |
|
ovulation day?
|
-day 14
-sharp rise in LH causes ovulation |
|
hormone replacement therapy?
|
-estrogen, progesterone
-birth control & premenopausal -tx osteoporosis, reduce risk for heart attack -risks are uterine/breast cancer |
|
breast cancer?
|
-older age 40-60, + family history, early mearche, late menopause, first term preg. after 30, nulliparity, use of estrogen
|
|
human chorionic gonadotopin (hCG)?
|
hormone which detects pregnancy as early as 8 days after fert. in urine
|
|
oxytocin and childbirth?
|
can stimulate the uterine muscle contractions, begin the process of labor
|
|
fetal circulation fx?
|
-allow exchange of materials between mom & fetus
-bypass the non-functional lungs |
|
fetal circulation umbilical arteries?
|
-bld returns to placenta via umbilical arteries
|
|
congenital heart disease?
|
foreman ovale & ductus arteriosu don't adapt at birth to incorporate the lungs
|
|
fetal circulation umbilical vein?
|
-bld comes form placenta to fetus via umbilical vein
|
|
fetal circulation ductus venosu?
|
-bld joins the inf. vena cava by ductus venosu
|
|
fetal circulation Foramen ovale?
|
-bld flows from R atrium to L through a hole Foramen ovale
|
|
fetal circulation ductus arteriosus?
|
-bld goes directly into ciruclaltion through ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta
|
|
lactation hormones?
|
prolactin
oxytocin |
|
sex chromosomes?
|
female-xx
male-xy |
|
down syndrome?
|
-chromosome disease
the result of an extra chromosome per cell. abnormality arises during formation of a sex cell |
|
hemophilia?
|
-monogenetic disease
-xu of specific clotting factor -sex linked trait, usually male |
|
polygenetic disease?
|
hypertension, diabetes mellitus
-both polygenetic and environmental factors |