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45 Cards in this Set

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What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the body structures and physiology is the study of body functions
a) study of body organization and structure
b) study of body tissues
c) study of function
a) anatomy
b) histology
c) physiology
List the levels of organization from most complex to the simplest.
1. Chemical level - atoms combine to form molecules
2. Cellular level - cells are made up of molecules; a cell has many organelles
3. Tissue level - tissues consist of a group of cells that have a common function; tissues consists of similar types of cells
4. Organ level - organs are made up of different types of tissues; groups of 2 or more tissues working together form an organ
5. Organ system level - organ systems consists of different organs that work together closely
Why is it important to understand the structure and function of all the systems in the human body?
Because all the systems work together
Name and define the 7 characteristics of a living human.
1 & 2. Metabolism & energy - sum of all chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion or building proteins
3. Responsiveness - interacting with environment
4. Movement - skeletal movement, heartbeat
5. Growth - a) in existing cells & b) in number of cells (can also be reproduction)
6. Differentiation - development of cells that become specialized
7. Reproduction - 1. development of the new individual and 2. growth & repair
Which of the characteristics of living things are possessed by an automobile?
metabolism, movement, responsiveness
How is homeostasis related to health and disease?
The body needs to maintain homeostasis, if not then it is an indication that there is an issue or a disease
When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is this thirst part of a negative or positive feedback control system?
Negative.
a) a coordinated group of organs
b) structural and functional units of the body
c) an aggregation of similar cells
a) organ system
b) cell
c) tissue
Is the definition "the condition in which the body approaches room temperature and stays there" a good definition for homeostasis?
No because a persons body temperature isn't always what the room temperature may be
Why would it be wrong to say homeostasis prevent internal change?
It would be wrong because homeostasis responds to internal change, but it doesn't prevent it.
The hormone calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, what effect would calcitonin have on blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin will decrease calcium ions in the blood as needed
a) The head is _____ to the neck.
b) The hand is _____ to the wrist.
c) The skin is _____ to the muscles.
d) The mouth is _____ to the nose.
e) The elbow is _____ to the wrist.
f) The umbilicus is on the _____ body surface.
g) The buttocks are on the _____ body surface.
a) superior
b) distal
c) superficial
d) interior
e) proximal
f) anterior
g) posterior
The nurse charted: "patient has an open would located on lateral aspect of leg." Where is the wound located?
Outside of leg.
a) divides the body into equal left and right halves.
b) divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
c) divides the body into left and right portions
d) divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
a) sagittal
b) transverse
c) sagittal
d) coronal/frontal
Which anatomical plane is the only one that would NOT show:
a) both the brain and tongue
b) both eyes
c) both the hypogastric and gluteal regions
d) both kidneys
e) both the sternum and vertebral column
f) both the heart and uterus
a) coronal
b) sagittal
c) coronal/frontal
d) sagittal
e) coronal
f) transverse
What is a serous membrane? What is the function of it?
Serous membrane is the lining of cavities. It absorbs shock and prevents friction.
a) parietal pleura
b) parietal pericardium
c) visceral pleura
d) visceral pericardium
a) lung; lining cavity
b) heart; lining cavity
c) outer layer of lung
d) outer layer of heart
Why doesn't warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs, and digestive organs?
Because they are surrounded by serous fluid.
What is the clinical importance of knowing the abdominopelvic regions and quadrants?
Gives an idea as to what may be damaged & where organs are
a) smallest unit of an element
b) positively charged subatomic particle
c) negative charged subatomic particle
d) subatomic particle with no charge
e) atoms with the same element, with different number of neutrons
a) atom
b) proton
c) electron
d) neutron
e) isotope
a) the total number of protons
b) the total number of protons plus neutrons
c) an atom with a positive charge
d) an atom with a negative charge
a) atomic number
b) atomic mass
c) cation
d) anion
a) composed of 2 elements combined in a fixed ration
b) chemical bond resulting from the donation of electron(s) from 1 atom to another
c) chemical bond resulting from the sharing of electrons by 2 atoms
d) at atom with a net electrical charge
e) the attractive force between a slightly positive H atom & a slightly negative O or N atom
a) molecule/compound
b) ionic bond
c) covalent bond
d) ion
e) hydrogen bond
a) type of covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons
b) type of covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons
c) type of bond found in most organic compounds of the body
d) type of bond found in lipids
e) a solute that can dissolve in water is said to be...
f) a solute that cannot dissolve in water is said to be...
a) polar
b) nonpolar
c) polar covalent
d) nonpolar covalent
e) hydrophilic
f) hydrophobic
Acid or base:
a) 2.8
b) 6.8
c) 7.4
d) 9.5
e) 3.7
f) Which has the highest concentration of H+?
a) acid
b) acid
c) base
d) base
e) acid
f) 2.8
a) a compound that releases H+
b) chemicals that keep the pH of a solution relatively constant
c) class of compounds formed of many simple sugars joined together
d) type of reaction that joins 2 glucose molecules to form maltose
e) storage form of carbohydrates in the body
f) composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
g) composed of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group joined to 1 glycerol
h) type of fat whose fatty acids contain no carbon-carbon double bonds
a) acid
b) buffers
c) polysaccharides
d) dehydration synthesis
e) glycogen
f) triglyceride
g) phospholipid
g) saturated fatty acid
a) compound used to store excess energy reserves
b) class of lipids that includes sex hormones
c) class of compounds formed of 50 to thousands of amino acids
d) bonds joining amino acids together in proteins
e) a single-stranded nucleic acid that is involved in protein synthesis
f) building units of nucleic acids
g) steroid that tends to plug arteries when in excess
h) sugar in DNA molecules
a) triglycerides
b) steroids
c) proteins
d) peptide bonds
e) RNA
f) nucleotides
g) cholesterol
h) deoxyribose
a) primary carbohydrate fuel for cells
b) building unit of proteins
c) molecule releasing energy to power chemical reactions within cells
d) double-stranded nucleic acid
e) molecules catalyzing chemical reactions in cells
a) glucose
b) amino acids
c) ATP
d) DNA
e) enzymes
a) type of reaction breaking large molecules into smaller molecules
b) element whose atoms form the backbone of organic molecules
c) process by which a protein undergoes a structural change
d) level of structure that determines the sequence of amino acids
a) hydrolysis
b) carbon
c) denaturation
d) primary
a) amino acids
b) steroids
c) glycogen
d) cholesterol
e) nucleotides
f) monosaccharides
a) proteins
b) lipids
c) carbohydrates
d) lipids
e) nucleic acids
f) carbohydrates
a) triglycerides
b) starch
c) enzymes
d) RNA
e) DNA
f) fatty acids
a) lipids
b) carbohydrates
c) proteins
d) nucleic acids
e) nucleic acids
f) lipids
What are the 4 most abundant elements in the body?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What form of energy is found in the food we eat?
chemical (potential energy)
What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
An endergonic reaction requires the input of energy and an exergonic reaction releases energy. They tend to work together, such as with ATP, when used it releases energy, which is an exergonic reaction, and it becomes ADP, from ADP it takes in energy from food, and the taking in of energy is an endergonic reaction, and after this it forms ATP again.
After eating a protein bar, which chemical reactions must occur for the amino acids in the protein bar to be converted into proteins in your body cells?
hydrolysis
a) what kind of bonds form WITHIN a water molecule?

b) what kind of bonds form BETWEEN water molecules?
a) polar covalent

b) hydrogen
Water makes up 60-80% of living matter. How/why is water indispensible for life?
Because of cohesion/adhesion, surface tension, temperature regulation, solvent, and water as solid
How does the body maintain homeostasis of pH? What organs are involved?
Lungs, kidneys, and buffer systems all work to keep the pH level neutral.
Could the human body survive without enzymes?
No because reactions wouldn't happen fast enough. Enzymes increase the speed of reactions within the body.
Some antibiotics act by binding to certain essential enzymes in the target bacteria. How might these antibiotics influence the chemical reactions controlled by the enzymes?
They shut them down because the target bacteria wouldn't be able to survive when its enzymes are destroyed.
Nitrogen has an atomic # of 7 and an atomic mass of 14. How many neutrons?
7
How are phospholipids unique in their structure?
They are hydrophilic on the one end, and hydrophobic on the other. When put in water, the hydrophobic ends come together and it forms a phospholipid bilayer
What is dietary fiber and why is it important to the digestive system?
Cellulose, which keeps everything regular and "flowing"
What is the difference in both structure and function of DNA and RNA?
DNA - double stranded, AT & CG, deoxyribose sugar, provides instructions to build proteins
RNA - single stranded, CG & AU, ribose sugar, not incredibly stable, is more active in the construction of proteins
How is ATP used in the body?
Chemical, mechanical, and transport work