Ap Psychology - Unit 7B

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Front 2

Prototype

Back 2

A mental image or best example or a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

Front 3

Algorithms

Back 3

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.

Front 4

Heuristics

Back 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

Front 5

Insight

Back 5

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

Front 6

Creativity

Back 6

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

Front 7

Five components of creativity

Back 7

Robert Sternberg - Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment.

Front 8

Confirmation bias

Back 8

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Front 9

Fixation

Back 9

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective.

Front 10

Functional fixedness

Back 10

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

Not being able to think of novel ways to use things.

Front 11

Mental set

Back 11

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Front 12

Representativeness heuristic

Back 12

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Stereotyping.

Front 13

Availability heuristic

Back 13

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of vividness), we presume such events are common.

Front 14

Belief perseverence

Back 14

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Front 15

Intuition

Back 15

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Front 16

Framing

Back 16

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

95% success rate vs. 5% failure rate

Front 17

Phonemes

Back 17

The basic sets of sounds in a language. English uses 40.

b, t, a, ch . . .

Front 18

Morphemes

Back 18

The smallest units of language that contain meaning. May be words or part of a word.

Prefixes, suffixes, etc.

Front 19

Babbling stage

Back 19

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Front 20

Babbling resembles household language

Back 20

10 months

Front 21

One-word stage

Back 21

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Starts at 12 months.

Front 22

Two-word stage

(telegraphic speech)

Back 22

Children start uttering two-word sentences, similar to old telegraphs, around 24 months. Mostly nouns and verbs, follows syntax.

"Big doggy"

Front 23

Linguistic determinism

Back 23

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.