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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
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Classical Conditioning
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learning which takes place when two or more stimuli are presented together; unconditioned stimulus is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus until it elicits a similar response
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Stimulus
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a change in the environment that elicits a response
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Neutral Stimulus (NS)
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stimulus that initially does not elicit a response
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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reflexively, or automatically, brings about the unconditioned response
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
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an automatic, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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a neutral stimulus at first, but when paired with the UCS, elicits the conditioned response
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Aquisition
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in classical conditioning, learning to give a known response to a new stimulus, the neutral stimulus
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Delayed Conditioning
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ideal training; NS precedes UCS with a little pause
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Simultaneous Conditioning
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NS and UCS paired at the same time
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Trace Conditioning
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NS presented first, removed, then the UCS is presented
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Backward Conditioning
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UCS presented first then NS follows
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Conditioned Taste Aversion
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an intense dislike and avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant or painful stimulus through backward conditioning
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Temporal Conditioning
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time serves as the NS
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Extinction
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repeatedly presenting a CS without a UCS leads to return of NS
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Spontaneous recovery
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after extinction, and without training, the previous CS suddenly elicits the CR again temporarily
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Generalization
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stimuli similar to the CS also elicit the Cr without training
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Discrimination
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the ability to tell the difference between stimuli so that only the CS elicits the CR
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Higher-order conditioning
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classical conditioning in which a well-learned CS is paired with an NS to produce a CR to the NS
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Aversive conditioning
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learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus or reinforcer
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Instrumental learning
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associative learning in which a behavior becomes more or les sprobable depending on its conseuences
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Law of Effect
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behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened
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Operant conditioning
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learning that occurs when an active learner performs certain voluntary behavior and the consequences of the behavior determine the likelihood of its recurrence
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Positive reinforcement
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a rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby increasing the probability the behavior will be repeated
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Primary reinforcer
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something that is biologically important and, thus, rewarding
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Secondary reinforcer
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something rewarding because it is associated with a primary reinforcer
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Generalized reinforcer
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secondary reinforcer associated with a number of different primary reinforcers
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Premack principle
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a more probable behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable one
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Negative reinforcement
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removal of an aversive consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby increasing the probability the behavior will be repeated; two types are escape and avoidance
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Punishment
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an aversive consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated
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Omission training
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removal of a rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated
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Shaping
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positively reinforcing close and closer approximations of a desired behavior to teach a new behavior
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Reinforcement schedule
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states how and when reinforcers will be given to the learner
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Continuous reinforcement
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schedule that provides reinforcement following the particular behavior every time it is emitted; best for acquisition of new behavior
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Partial reinforcement/ Intermittent schedule
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occasional reinforcement of a particular behavior; produces responding that is more resistant to extinction
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Fixed ratio
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reinforcement of a particular behavior after a specific number of responses
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Fixed interval
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reinforcement of the first particular response made after a specific length of time
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Variable ratio
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reinforcement of a particular behavior after a number of responses that changes at random around an average number
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variable interval
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reinforcement of the first particular response made after a length of time that changes at random around an average time period
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Behavior modification
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a field that applies the behavioral approach scientifically to solve problems
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Token economy
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operant training system that uses secondary reinforcers to increase appropriate behavior; learners can exchange secondary reinfrocers
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Biological Preparedness
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predisposition to easily learn behaviors related to survival of the species
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Instinctive drift
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a conditioned response that moves toward the natural behavior of the organism
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Contiguity
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theory that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to the UCS
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Contingency
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theory says that the key to classical conditioning is how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS
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Latent learning
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learning in the absence of rewards
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insight
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the sudden appearance of the answer or solution to a problem
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Observational learning
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learning that occurs by watching the behavior of a model
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