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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality
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an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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Free Association
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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
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Unconscious
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according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, formation processing of which we are unaware.
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Id
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a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
unconscious psychic energy |
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Ego
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the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.
Operates reality principle , satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. executive mediator |
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Superego
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The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.
internal ideals |
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Psychosexual Stages
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The childhood stages of development, during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Oral- mouth sucking Anal- bowl/bladder Phallic- Pleasure zones/incestuous sexual feelings Latency- dormant sexual feelings Genital- Maturation of sexual interest |
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Oedipus Complex
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According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
Electra Complex- for women |
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Identification
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the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos.
Gender Identity- our sense of being male/female |
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Fixation
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According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual state, in which conflicts were unresolved.
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Defense Mechanisms
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In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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Repression
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Individual banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts,feelings,and memories from consciousness
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Regression
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
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Reaction Formation
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. thus people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
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Projection
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
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Rationalization
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psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
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Displacement
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psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
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Sublimations
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.
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Denial
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
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Collective Unconscious
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Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory races from our species' history.
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Projective Test
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A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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Thee most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
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Terror-management Theory
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A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
shows that thinking about ones morality provokes various terror-management defenses |
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Self-actualization
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According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
the process of full-filling our potential self-transcendence- meaning purpose and communication beyond yourself |
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.
an attitude of grace an attitude that values us even knowing our failings |
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Self-concept
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All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
if a persons ideal self and their actuality match they are said to have a positive self-concept |
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Trait
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A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
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Personnality Inventory
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A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is no used for many other screening purposes.
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Empiricially Derived Test
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A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
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Social-cognitive Perspective
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Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people'es traits and their social context.
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Reciprocal Determinism
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The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
1. different people choose different environments 2. our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events 3. our personalities help create situations to which we react |
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Personal Control
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The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.
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External Locus of Control
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The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
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Internal Locus of Control
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The perception that you control your own fate.
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Positive Psychology
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The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communitites to thrive.
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Self
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In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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Spotlight Effect
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Overextimating other's noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.
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Self-esteem
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One's feelings of high or low self-worth.
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Self-serving Bias
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A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
1. people accept more responsibility for good deeds than bad ones, and success than failure 2. most people see themselves as better than average |
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Individualism
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Giving priority to one's own goals to over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
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Collectivism
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Giving priority to the goals of on'es group and defining one's identitiy accordingly.
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different studies of personality
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1. Freud - psychoanalytical - childhood sexuality/ unconscious drives
2. Humanistic- focuses on inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment |
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Dreams - Freud
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dreams show manifest content and can show our unconscious wishes (latent content)
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Preconcious
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memories that are stored that can be retrieved
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neo-Freudians
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accepted Freuds basic principles
more emphasis on conscious mind role in interpreting experience doubt that sex and aggression were al consuming motivations |
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Alfred Adler
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believed that childhood social tensions are crucial for personality formation
though women have weak superegos and suffer penis envy |
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Carl Jung
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placed emphasis on social factors he did agree that unconscious exerts a powerful influence
- collective unconscious |
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False Consensus effect
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the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
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Carl Rogers
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he believed that a growth promoting climate requires, genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
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Individualism
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trusting and action on ones feeling and being true to oneself fulfilling oneself
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non-defensive self-acceptance
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people who feel intrinsically like and accepted for who they are are less defensive
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI
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attempted to sort people into carl jungs personality types
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Factor Analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of intelligence
extraversion-introversion emotional stability- instability |
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Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
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type of personality test to determine unstable/stable introverted/extroverted people
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The Big Five Personality Factors
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CANOE
1.conscientiousness 2. agreeableness 3. neurotism - emotional stablility 4. openness 5. extraversion |
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Personality-situation controversy
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trying to find personality traits that stay constant regardless of the enviroment
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cognitive-behavioral approach
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what we think about our situations
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tyranny of choice
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information overload makes you feel more likely to feel regret over the unchosen options.
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defensive self esteem
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it focuses on sustaining itself which makes failures and criticism feel threatening
fragile |
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secure self-esteem
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less fragile because it is less contingent on external evaluations
we accept who we are |
