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53 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
developmental psychology
branch of psychology studying PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, and SOCIAL change throughout life
zygote
a fertilized egg, undergoes 2-week rapid cell division to become embryo
embryo
developing, fertilized human organism (2 wks. through 2 mos.)
fetus
developing human organism (9 wks. to birth)
teratogens
chemical and viral agents that harm embryo/fetus during prenatal development
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities (e.g. facial misproportions in extreme cases) in children due to mother's drinking during pregnancy
habituation
decreasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus

e.g. with mere exposure to visual stimulus, they lose interest
maturation
biological growth processes enabling orderly changes in behavior, uninfluenced by experience
cognition
all mental activities associated with thinking,"", knowing, remembering, and communicating
schema
concepts or mental molds that we pour our experiences into, organize and interpret information

e.g. dogs, cats, love
assimiliation
interpreting new experiences in terms of pre-existing schemas
accommodation
adapting current schemas to incorporate new info
sensorimotor stage
(Piaget) - birth to 2 yrs - infants interpret world through sensory and motor impressions (see, hear, feel, etc.)
object permanence
awareness that things continue to exist when not in perception
preoperational stage
(Piaget) - 2 yrs to 7 yrs -child learns to use language, still cannot comprehend concrete logic
conservation
concept that properties like mass, volume, and number stay the same throughout all forms of objects
egocentrism
difficulty a child (in preoperational stage) has in taking another's perspective
theory of mind
people's notions and behavioral predictions about their own AND OTHER'S mental states i.e. feelings, perceptions, thoughts
concrete operational stage
(Piaget) - 7 yrs to 11 yrs - child has ability to use logic on CONCRETE notions
formal operational stage
(Piaget) - bg. 12 yrs - children begin to logically think about abstract concepts
autism
child disorder indicated by deficiency in communication, social interaction, theory of mind (of others)
stranger anxiety
infants' fear of strangers (bg. at 8 mos.)
attachment
emotional tie with another;

children seek connection to caregiver, distressed when separated
critical period
optimal period shortly after birth when organism must be exposed to stimuli/experiences to properly develop
imprinting
certain animals form attachments during a critical period
temperament
person's emotional reactivity and intensity
basic trust
(Erik Erikson) - sense that world is predictable and trustworthy;

formed through loving parents
self-concept
understanding and evaluation of ourselves
gender
biological and social characteristics of male and female
aggression
physical or verbal abuse designed to hurt another
X chromosome
sex chromosome shared by males and females
Y chromosome
sex chromosome only in males
testosterone
most important male sex hormone that stimulates genital growth (fetal) and gender characteristics (puberty) in men
role
expectations that define how someone should behave in certain position
gender role
set of norms (expectations) for certain sex
gender identity
the sense of feeling male or female
gender typing
acquiring a traditional gender role
social learning theory
we learn social behavior through observation and imitation, and through positive or negative conditioning
adolescence
transition period from child to adulthood (puberty to independence)
puberty
sexual maturation when person is able to reproduce
primary sex characteristics
physical features that directly enable reproduction (genitals, ovaries, testes)
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive features indirectly related to sex (breasts, body hair, voice)
menarche
first menstrual period
identity
sense of self

Erikson: adolescent tries various roles to find self
social-identity
sense of self relative to others in our relationships, i.e. "How do we fit in?"
intimacy
Erikson: ability to form close relationships;

primary task from adolescence to early adulthood
emerging adulthood
the transition period between adolescent dependence and full independence
menopause
natural cessation/declination of menstruation/reproduction
cross-sectional study
study where people of different ages are compared
longitudinal study
same people are restudied/retested throughout their life
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge/verbal skills which increases with age
fluid intelligence
ability to reason quickly and abstractly which decreases in late adulthood
social clock
culturally or socially preferred timing of events e.g. marriage, parenthood, retirement