Ap Psychology Exam Review

Front 1

What are the two greek words that are put together to for "psychology"?

Back 1

Psyche, meaning the soul, and logos, referring to the study of a subject

Front 2

What is the definition of "psychology" given in the 18th Century?

Back 2

"the study of the mind"

Front 3

Which psychologist mounted a campaign to make psychology an independent discipline rather than a stepchild of philosophy or physiology?

Back 3

Wilhelm Wundt

Front 4

Who established the first formal laboratory for research in psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Back 4

Wilhelm Wundt

Front 5

According to Wundt, what is psychology's primary focus?

Back 5

The consciousness

Front 6

Define: Consciousness

Back 6

The awareness of immediate experience

Front 7

Who established America's first research laboratory?

Back 7

G. Stanley Hall

Front 8

Who launched America's first psychology journal?

Back 8

G. Stanley Hall

Front 9

Who established the American Psychology Association and was elected as its first president?

Back 9

G. Stanley Hall

Front 10

Who led the Structuralism movement?

Back 10

Edward Titchener

Front 11

What school of thought was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related?

Back 11

Structuralism

Front 12

What is the "careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience"?

Back 12

Introspection

Front 13

What school of thought was based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure?

Back 13

Functionalism

Front 14

Who was the chief impetus for the emergence of functionalism?

Back 14

William James

Front 15

Who came up with the concept of "natural selection"?

Back 15

Charles Darwin

Front 16

What is the principle that heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time

Back 16

Natural selection

Front 17

What is the technique by which a person writes down their continuous flow of thoughts?

Back 17

Stream of consciousness

Front 18

Who was the most important person studying Behaviorism?

Back 18

John B. Watson

Front 19

Definition: a theoretical orientation based ont he premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

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Behaviorism

Front 20

Definition: any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism

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Behavior

Front 21

Name of argument where it is debated if behavior is determined by genetic inheritance or by environment and experience.

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Nature vs. Nurture

Front 22

Definition: any detectable input from the environment

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Stimulus

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Leader of the psychoanalytic branch of psychology

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Sigmund Freud

Front 24

Definition: it contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exerts great influence on behavior

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unconcious

Front 25

This theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

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Psychoanalytic theory

Front 26

Definition: A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

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Humanism

Front 27

Definition: An individual's sense of self

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Self-concept

Front 28

What is the name for the branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems?

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Applied psychology

Front 29

What is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders?

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Clinical psychology

Front 30

Definition: mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

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Cognition

Front 31

Definition: The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways

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Ethnocentrism

Front 32

What is the branch of psychology that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations?

Back 32

Evolutionary psychology

Front 33

What is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems?

Back 33

Psychology

Front 34

What is the branch of psychology that looks at human development across a life span?

Back 34

Developmental psychology

Front 35

What is the branch of psychology that focuses on interpersonal behavior?

Back 35

Social psychology

Front 36

What is the branch of psychology that encompasses the traditional core of topics that were focused heavily on first half-century sciences?

Back 36

Experimental psychology

Front 37

What is the branch of psychology that examines the influence of genetic factors on behavior and the role of many organs in the regulation of behavior?

Back 37

Physiological psychology

Front 38

What is the branch of psychology that focuces on higher mental processes?

Back 38

Cognitive psychology

Front 39

What is the branch of psychology that is interested in describing and understanding individuals' consistency in behavior?

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Personality

Front 40

What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the measurement of behavior and capacities

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Psychometrics

Front 41

What is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders?

Back 41

Psychiatry

Front 42

Definition: the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

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Empiricism

Front 43

Definition: a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

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Theory

Front 44

Definition: the widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations

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Culture

Front 45

Definition: the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome

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Critical thinking

Front 46

Definition: a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

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Hypothesis

Front 47

Definition: any measurable conditions, events, characteristics or behaviors

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Variables

Front 48

Definition: It describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable

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Operational definition

Front 49

Definition: the persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study

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Participants (or subjects)

Front 50

What is the name of the technique in which procedures for making empirical observations and measurements?

Back 50

Data collection techniques

Front 51

Definition: A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry

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journal

Front 52

Definition: differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies

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Research methods

Front 53

What is a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result?

Back 53

Experiment

Front 54

A condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

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Independent variable

Front 55

the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable

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Dependent variable

Front 56

Group that consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable

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Experimental group

Front 57

Group that consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group

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Control group

Front 58

Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study

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Extraneous variable

Front 59

Two variables linked together in a way that is difficult to sort out their specific event

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Confounding variable

Front 60

All subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study

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Random assignment

Front 61

When a research engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects

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Naturalistic observation

Front 62

An in-depth investigation of an individual subject

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Case study

Front 63

Researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects' behavior

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Survey

Front 64

The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data

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Statistics

Front 65

The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores

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Median

Front 66

The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution

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Mean

Front 67

The most frequent score in a distribution

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Mode

Front 68

How much the scores in a data set vary from one each other and from the mean

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Variability

Front 69

Index of the amount of variability in a set of data

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Standard deviation

Front 70

When two variables are related to each other

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Correlation

Front 71

A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables

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Correlation coefficient

Front 72

When the dependent variable increases while the independent also increases

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positive correlation

Front 73

When the dependent variable decreases while the independent variable increases

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Negative correlation

Front 74

Type of statistics used to interpret data and draw conclusions

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Inferential statistics

Front 75

When the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low

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Statistical significance

Front 76

The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated

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Replication

Front 77

This combines the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable's effect

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Meta-analysis

Front 78

The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study

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Sample

Front 79

The much larger collection of animals or people (from which the sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about

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Population

Front 80

When a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn

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Sampling bias

Front 81

When participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment

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Placebo effect

Front 82

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

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Social desirability bias

Front 83

a tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of questions

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Response set

Front 84

When a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

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Experimenter bias

Front 85

A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups

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Double-blind procedure