Ap Psychology Chapter 9: Memory

Front 1

memory

Back 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Front 2

flashbulb memory

Back 2

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Front 3

encoding

Back 3

the processing of information into the memory system for example, by extracting meaning

Front 4

storage

Back 4

the retention of encoded information over time

Front 5

retrieval

Back 5

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Front 6

sensory memory

Back 6

the immediate, intial recording of sensory information in the memory system

Front 7

short-term memory

Back 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Working memory is a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly store information

Front 8

long-term memory

Back 8

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Front 9

automatic processing

Back 9

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Front 10

effortful processing

Back 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Front 11

rehearsal

Back 11

the conscious repition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Front 12

spacing effect

Back 12

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Front 13

serial position effect

Back 13

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Front 14

visual encoding

Back 14

the encoding of picture images

Front 15

acoustic encoding

Back 15

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

Front 16

semantic encoding

Back 16

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

Front 17

imagery

Back 17

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

Front 18

mnemonics

Back 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Front 19

chunking

Back 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically