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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognition |
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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Concept |
a mental grouping of similar objects |
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Prototype |
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories |
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Algorithm |
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics. |
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heuristic |
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
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insight |
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
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creativity |
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
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confirmation bias |
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
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fixation |
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. |
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mental set |
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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functional fixedness |
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual uses or purposes; an impediment to problem solving. |
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representativeness heuristic |
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. |
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availability heuristic |
estimating the likelihood of events based on their presence in our memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. |
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overconfidence |
the tendency to be more certain than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |
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belief perseverance |
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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intuition |
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. |
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framing |
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is presented can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
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language |
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |
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phoneme |
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
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morpheme |
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). |
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grammar |
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
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semantics |
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. |
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syntax |
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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babbling stage |
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. |
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one-word stage
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the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. |
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two-word stage |
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly statements made up of only a couple of words. |
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telegraphic speech |
early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs such as "go car". |
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linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |