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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Attribution Theory
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the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
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Attitude
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
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Central Route Persuasion
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attitude change path in which interest people focus in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
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Peripheral Route Persuasion
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attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
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Role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
-for example: when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. |
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Conformity
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
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Normative Social Influence
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
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Informational Social Influence
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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.
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Social Facilitation
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
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Social Loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
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Deindividuation
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Group Polarization
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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups.
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Groupthink
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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Culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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Norm
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
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Personal Space
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the buffer space we like to maintain around our bodies.
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Prejudice
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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
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Stereotype
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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
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Discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
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Ingroup
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"Us"--people with whom we share a common indentity
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Outgroup
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"them"--those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
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Ingroup Bias
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the tendency to favor our own group.
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Scapegoat Theory
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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
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Other-race Effect
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the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-races effect and the own-race bias.
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Just-World Phenomenon
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the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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Aggression
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
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Frustration-aggression Principle
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the principle that frustration--the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger, which can generate aggression.
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Mere Exposure Effect
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the phenomenon the repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
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Passionate Love
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present a the beginning of a love relationship.
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Companionate Love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
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Equity
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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
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Self-Disclosure
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
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Altruism
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
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Bystander Effect
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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Social Exchange Theory
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the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
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Reciprocity Norm
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an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them.
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Social-Responsibility Norm
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an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
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Conflict
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a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
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Social Trap
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
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Mirror-Image Perceptions
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mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
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Superordinate Goals
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
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GRIT
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |