Ap Psych Chapters 7&8

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The retention of information or experience over time as a result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

The first step in memory; the process by which info gets into memory storage

Front 3

Divided Attention

Back 3

Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.

Front 4

Sustained Attention

Back 4

Also called vigilance, the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

Front 5

Levels of Processing

Back 5

A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, w deeper processing producing better memory.

Front 6

Elaboration

Back 6

The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding.

Front 7

Self-Reference

Back 7

Relating material to your own experience.

Front 8

Imagery

Back 8

Forming images in your mind.

Front 9

Storage

Back 9

The retention of info over time and how this info is represented in memory.

Front 10

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

Back 10

Theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems; sensory memory, short term memory, and long-term memory.

Front 11

Sensory Memory

Back 11

Memory system that involves holding info from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Front 12

Short-Term Memory

Back 12

Limited-capacity memory system in which info is usually retained for only as long as 30 secs unless we use strategies to retain it longer.

Front 13

Chunking

Back 13

Grouping or packaging info that exceeds 7 +/- 2 memory span into higher order units that can be remembered as single units.

Front 14

Regearsal

Back 14

Conscious repetition of info.

Front 15

Working Memory

Back 15

A three-part system that allows us to hold info temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental work bench on which the brain manipulates and assembles info to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems.

Front 16

Phonological Loop

Back 16

Specialized to briefly store speech-based info about the sounds of language.

Front 17

Visuospatial Working Memory

Back 17

Stores visual and spatial info, including visual imagery.

Front 18

Central Executive

Back 18

Integrates info not only from the phonological loop and visuospatial working memory but also from long term memory.

Front 19

Long-Term Memory

Back 19

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of info for a long time.

Front 20

Explicit Memory

Back 20

Also called declarative memory, the conscious recollection of info, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, info that can be very verbally communicated.

Front 21

Episodic Memory

Back 21

The retention of info ab the where, when, and what of life's happenings- that is, how individuals remember life's episodes.

Front 22

Semantic Memory

Back 22

A person's knowledge ab the world, including his or her areas of expertise; general knowledge, such as of things learned in school; and everyday knowledge.

Front 23

Implicit Memory

Back 23

Also called nondeclaritive memory, memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience w out a conscious recollection of that experience.

Front 24

Procedural Memory

Back 24

Memory for skills.

Front 25

Priming

Back 25

The activation of info that people already have in storage to help them remember new info better and faster.

Front 26

Schema

Back 26

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret info. Schemas from prior encounters w the environment influence the way we encode, make inferences ab, and retrieve info.

Front 27

Script

Back 27

A schema for an event, often containing info ab physical features, people, and typical occurrences.

Front 28

Connectionism

Back 28

Also called parallel distributed processing, the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

Front 29

Retrieval

Back 29

The memory process that occurs when info that was retained in memory comes out of storage.

Front 30

Serial Position Effect

Back 30

The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

Front 31

Autobiographical Memory

Back 31

A special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Front 32

Flashbulb Memory

Back 32

The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall w more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

Front 33

Motivated Forgetting

Back 33

Forgetting what occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable.

Front 34

Interference Theory

Back 34

Theory that people forget not bc memories are lost from storage but bc other info gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Front 35

Proactive Interference

Back 35

Situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later.

Front 36

Retroactive Interference

Back 36

Situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of info that was learned earlier.

Front 37

Decay Theory

Back 37

Theory stating that when we learn something new, a neurogenic all memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

Front 38

Tip-of-the Tongue Phenomenon

Back 38

Type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but can not quite pull it out of memory.

Front 39

Retrospective Memory

Back 39

Remembering info from the past.

Front 40

Prospective Memory

Back 40

Remembering info ab doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions.

Front 41

Amnesia

Back 41

The loss of memory

Front 42

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 42

A memory disorder that affects the retention of new info and events.

Front 43

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 43

Memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events.

Front 44

Multitasking

Back 44

Performing more than one task at a time.