Ap Psych Biological Basis Of Behavior

Front 1

Nueroanatomy

Back 1

Study of neurons

Front 2

Glial Cells

Back 2

Produce nutrients nerve cells need to live. Outnumber nerves 10-1. Does not send nerve impulses.

Front 3

Dendrites

Back 3

Receives info from other nerve cells, triggers firing

Front 4

Soma

Back 4

Contains organelles of nerve cell

Front 5

Axon

Back 5

Like an aluminum wire, carries electronic signals down nerve to synaptic knobs

Front 6

Myelin Sheath

Back 6

Insulator for axon

Front 7

Terminal buttons (synaptic knobs)

Back 7

Back (Definition)

At end of nerve. Passes on signal to next nerve via synaptic gap

Front 8

Resting potential

Back 8

Nerve has ability to fire

Front 9

Depolarization

Back 9

Enough sodium ions flow into neuron to change it's electrical charge

Front 10

Action potential

Back 10

Neuron IS firing

Front 11

Absolute threshold

Back 11

Level of ions needed to stimulate a nervous impulse

Front 12

All or nothing principle

Back 12

Firing is binary; on or off, all or nothing.

Front 13

Refractory period

Back 13

Very brief rest period between firings

Front 14

Neurotransmitters

Back 14

Chemicals secreted at synapse. Operate over very small spaces/time

Front 15

Excitatory

Back 15

Excites system

And encourages it to fire

Front 16

Inhibitory

Back 16

Encourages system NOT to fire

Front 17

Afferent neurons

Back 17

Brings info/impulses TO brain

A is an arrow to the brain so Afferent.

Front 18

Efferent (Motor) neutrons

Back 18

Signals FROM brain. Tells body what to do.

Moving is just eh so ehfferent neurons

Front 19

Inter neurons

Back 19

Connection between Afferent and efferent systems and the brain

Front 20

Nervous system

Back 20

Carries info and commands all over the body

Front 21

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 21

-All nerves invaded in bone

-spinal chord provides some reflexes

Front 22

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 22

-All nerves NOT encased in bone

-Autonomic and Somatic systems

Front 23

Autonomic nervous system

Back 23

-involuntary actions (heart rate etc)

-sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Front 24

Somatic Nervous System

Back 24

Voluntary control; motor, thought, etc

Front 25

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 25

-Speeds up what you need, slows down what you don't

-3 Fs

Front 26

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 26

-slows down, usually after the sympathetic system has done it's work.

-Rest/digest

Front 27

Split brain research and conclusions

Back 27

Severed corpus collosum

Different hemispheres do different things, cutting them minimized communication

Front 28

Contralaterality

Back 28

Name for separate halves of brain

Front 29

Longitudinal fissure

Back 29

The crack in our brains

Front 30

Corpus callosum

Back 30

Connects the two sides of the brain like a network cable

Front 31

Old reptilian brain concept

Back 31

Evolutionarily of oldest part of brain. Contains hindbrain and brainstem. Basic life functions

Front 32

Himdbrain

Back 32

Part of old reptilian. Basic life functions

Front 33

Brainstem

And pieces

Back 33

Regulates basic life like heart rate, sleeping, eating, etc. contains medulla, oblongata, pons and midbrain

Front 34

Medulla

Back 34

Heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, reflexes like coughing or puking.

Front 35

Pons

Back 35

Above medulla, below midbrain. Sensory roles in hearing and taste as well as physical reactions like movements, chewing and tears

Front 36

Reticular formation

Back 36

Sleep and consciousness, screens the info going to the cerebellum.

Front 37

Cerebellum

Back 37

Receives info from sensory organs/spinal chord and coordinates things like balance and fluent speech.

Front 38

Old mammalian beain

Back 38

Memory/motion

Midbrain

Front 39

Midbrain

Back 39

Memory/motion

Front 40

Limbic system

Back 40

Nerve system in brain, controls basic emotions like fear, pleasure, anger and the drives, like hunger, protection of young.

Front 41

Thalamus

Back 41

Middle of brain. Coordinates voluntary motion. Also regulates states of consciousness. Helps relay audio and touch info to somatosensory cortex.

Front 42

Hypothalamus

Back 42

Below thalamus. Controls endocrine system via pituitary gland. Links endocrine to nervous system

Front 43

Hippocampus

Back 43

Emotion, memory and autonomic nervous system

Front 44

Amygdala

Back 44

Regulation of emotions like fear. Stores potentially important memories

Front 45

Brain lesson

Back 45

Brain wound

Front 46

New mammalian brain

Back 46

Fore brain, crowning achievement of evolution.

Front 47

Forebrain

Back 47

Higher level thinking and functions, like math and stuff.

Front 48

Cerebral cortex

And parts

Back 48

Largest portion of brain. Covers almost entire top of brain. Higher level thinking. Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes.

Front 49

Frontal lobes

Back 49

Thinking/planning

Personality

Fluent, faultless speech.

Front 50

Motor cortex

Back 50

Where nerve impulses originate

Initiates voluntary muscular activity

Front 51

Cerebrum

Back 51

Basically everything above brain stem

Front 52

Broca's srea

Back 52

Back left side, responsible for speech production.

Front 53

Parietal lobes

Back 53

Managed sensory info. Takes all info to make one single perception

Front 54

Somatosensory cortex

Back 54

Main reciprocal for sensation of touch

Front 55

Temporal lobes

Back 55

Interprets everything you hear, turns raw speech into meaningful info

Front 56

Auditory cortex

Back 56

Interprets auditory informations with higher levels of thinking and hearing as well as basic ones

Front 57

Wernicke's area

Back 57

Speech comprehension

Front 58

Occipital lobes

Back 58

Visual center of mammalian brain, makes sense of/interprets what you see

Front 59

Visual cortex

Back 59

Primary reciprocal of info from eyes. Part of neocortex

Front 60

Endocrine system

Back 60

System of hormone-secreting glands throughout the body.

Front 61

Hormones and major hormone functions

Back 61

Chemicals used to regulate SO MANY THINGS. Most of them are changes in the body/signals to consciousness.

Front 62

Homeostasis

Back 62

Internal balance

Front 63

Thyroid Gland

Back 63

Regulates metabolism/"gas mileage"

Front 64

Adrenal Gland

Back 64

Adrenaline(epidula)

Front 65

Pancreas

Back 65

Insulting, regulates blood sugar

Front 66

Twin study and research

Back 66

70% nature, 30% nurture. When one is eliminated the other makes the difference.

Front 67

Zygote

Back 67

Sperm/egg

Front 68

Dizygotic twins

Back 68

2 eggs; fraternal twins

Front 69

Monozygotic

Back 69

1 egg, zygote did mitosis. Identical twins

Front 70

Genome

Back 70

Complete genomic sequence.

Front 71

Genotype

Back 71

Generic trait inventory

Front 72

Phenotype

Back 72

Physically observable traits

Front 73

Chromosome

Back 73

Molecule of DNA with our coding in it.

-46 in normal cells

-23 in gametes

Front 74

Chromosomal abnormalities

Back 74

-deletion

-inversion

-erroneous insertion

-addition

Front 75

Poly genetic transmission

Back 75

Multitude of genes do for one trait; no one set of genes.

Front 76

Epigenetics

Back 76

Ancestors experiences can change the genome they pass on

Front 77

Behavior generics

Back 77

Genetics vs environmental factors for behavior

Front 78

Heritability

Back 78

The extent to which traits can be passed on

Front 79

History

Back 79

Phinneas Gage-brain spike man

Broca/wernicke-collected battle reports

Front 80

Computerized axial tomography (CT/CAT)

Back 80

Advanced X-ray tech

Front 81

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 81

Captures quick snapshots

No radiation

Compare shots rinse changes

Front 82

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Back 82

Like a video version of MRI

Front 83

Electroencephalogram

Back 83

Analyze brain waves, esp sleep. Does not show which brain parts are emitting waves

Front 84

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Back 84

Shows brain activity and where blood is flowing. Makes blood slightly radioactive and photographs it.

Front 85

Norepinephrine

Back 85

Excitatory/inhibitory. Learning, memory, wakefulness, eating.

Front 86

Serotonin

Back 86

Back (Definition)

Inhibitory/excitatory. Mood, sleep, eating, arousal, maybe pleasure/pain.

Front 87

Dopamine

Back 87

Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure/pain

Front 88

Dopamine

Back 88

Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure or pain.

Front 89

Norepinephrine

Back 89

Excitatory/inhibitory. Learning, memory, wakefulness, eating.

Front 90

Serotonin

Back 90

Back (Definition)

Inhibitory/excitatory. Mood, sleep, eating, arousal, maybe pleasure/pain.

Front 91

Dopamine

Back 91

Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure/pain

Front 92

Dopamine

Back 92

Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure or pain.

Front 93

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Back 93

Inhibitory. In motor system.

Front 94

Norepinephrine

Back 94

Excitatory/inhibitory. Learning, memory, wakefulness, eating.

Front 95

Serotonin

Back 95

Back (Definition)

Inhibitory/excitatory. Mood, sleep, eating, arousal, maybe pleasure/pain.

Front 96

Dopamine

Back 96

Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure/pain

Front 97

Dopamine

Back 97

Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure or pain.

Front 98

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Back 98

Inhibitory. In motor system.

Front 99

Endorphine

Back 99

Inhibits pain.