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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
developmental psychology
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physical, cognitive, and social change throughout life span
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zygote
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fertilitzed egg
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embryo
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developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization to the second month
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fetus
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developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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teratogens
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agents (chemicals and viruses) that can harm the fetus
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking (facial misproportions)
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habituation
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation (as infants gain familiarity, the lose interest sooner)
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maturation
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growth processes that enable changes in behavior, uninfluenced by experience
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cognition
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mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
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schema
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concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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assimilation
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interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
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accomidation
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adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information
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sensorimotor stage
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infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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object permanence
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awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved
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preoperational stage
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child learns to use language but does not have concrete logic
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conservation
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properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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egocentrism
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preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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theory of mind
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people's ideas about their own and others mental states (their feelings, perceptions, thoughts)
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concrete operational stage
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children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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formal operational stage
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people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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autism
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childhood disorder, deficient communication, social interaction, understanding of others
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stranger anxiety
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fear of strangers displayed by infants at 8 months old
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attachment
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emotional tie with another person, young children seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress when they leave
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critical period
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period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli produces proper development
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imprinting
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certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life
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temperament
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person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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basic trust
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sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, developed during infancy by appropriate experiences
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self-concept
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our understanding and evaluation of who we are
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gender
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characteristics by which people define male and female
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aggression
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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
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x chromosome
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sex chromosome found in men and women. two x's make a girl
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y chromosome
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sex chromosome found only in men. an x and a y make a boy
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testosterone
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male sex hormone. stimulates growth of male sex organs and characteristics
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role
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a set of expectations about a social position, how those ought to behave
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gender role
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set of expected behaviors for males and for females
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gender identity
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sense of being male or female
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gender typing
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acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
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social learning theory
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we learn social behavior by observing, imitating, and being rewarded/punished
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adolescence
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transition period from childhood to adulthood, from puberty to independence
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puberty
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period of sexual maturation, person becomes capable of reproduction
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primary sex characteristics
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body structures that make sexual reproduction possible (ovaries, testes, genitalia)
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secondary sex characteristics
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nonreproductive sexual characteristics (breasts, hips, male voice, body hair)
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menarche
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first menstrual period
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identity
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our sense of self
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social identity
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"we" aspect of our self-concept, who am i related to the group?
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intimacy
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ability to form close, loving relationships
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emerging adulthood
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late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between childhood and adulthood
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menopause
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natural cessation of menstruation
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cross-sectional study
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study in which people of different ages are compared
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longitudinal study
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the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
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crystallized intelligence
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accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, increases with age
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fluid intelligence
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ability to reason speedily, decreases during late adulthood
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social clock
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culturally preferred timing of social events (marriage, parenthood, retirement)
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