Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or unusual values is said to be
a. normal b. skewed c. dispersed d. symmetrical |
b. skewed |
|
|
Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?
b. Descartes c. Plato d. Locke |
b. Descartes |
|
|
Which of the following research strategies would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?
a. naturalistic observation b. experiment c. survey d. case study |
b. experiment |
|
|
In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction-time task in a polluted or an unpolluted room. To what conditions were students in the unpolluted room exposed?
a. randomly assigned b. controlled c. experimental d. dependent |
b. controlled |
|
|
When the mean of a distribution of scores or measures is higher than the median, the distribution will be
a. positively skewed b. symmetrical c. abnormally deviant d. negatively skewed e. unpredictable |
a. positively skewed |
|
|
Which of the following perspectives describes the process of natural selection, which preserves traits that enhances an organism’s ability to adapt and diminishes its traits that are not adaptive?
a. evolutionary perspective b. behavior-genetics perspective c. psychodynamic perspective d. social-cultural perspective e. neuroscience perspective |
a. evolutionary perspective |
|
|
The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is
a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Locke d. Descartes |
c. Locke |
|
|
One major factor that separates the experimental method from correlational studies is that the experimental method
a. shows a trend that actually means something b. seeks to discover cause-effect relationships c. observes people in their natural settings or environments d. helps to efficiently discover people’s real feelings e. studies few people in great depth |
b. seeks to discover cause-effect relationships |
|
|
One of the best ways to distinguish how much genetic and environmental factors affect behavior is to compare children who have
a. the same genes and environments b. the same genes but different environments c. different genes and environments d. similar genes and environments
|
b. the same genes but different environments
|
|
|
The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ in the year ____________.
Freud; 1900 Wundt; 1879 Watson; 1913 James; 1890 |
Wundt; 1879 |
|
|
In any experiment, the cause is called the ________________, while the effect or result is called the _________________.
stimulus; placebo independent variable; dependent variable random sample; representative sample control; outcome |
independent variable; dependent variable |
|
|
Adolescence is marked by the onset of
parent-child conflict the concrete operational stage puberty an identity crisis |
pubety |
|
|
Which of the following is typically controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain?
language arithmetic reasoning learned voluntary movements perceptual tasks |
perceptual tasks |
|
|
Despite growing up in the same home environment, Karen and her brother John have personalities as different from each other as two people selected randomly from the population. Why is this so?
Their case is unusual; children in the same family usually have similar personalities. Personality is inherited. Because Karen and John are not identical twins, it is not surprising they have very different personalities. The interaction of their individual genes and non-shared experiences account for the common finding that children in the same family are usually very different. Gender is the most important factor in personality. If Karen had a sister, the two of them would probably be much more alike. |
The interaction of their individual genes and non-shared experiences account for the common finding that children in the same family are usually very different. |
|
|
The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment’s results is called
variable conditioning random assignment stratification representative sampling |
random assignment
|
|
|
When his son cries when another child takes his favorite toy, Brandon admonishes him by saying, “Big boys don’t cry.” Evidently, Brandon is an advocate of the __________ in accounting for the development of gender-linked behaviors.
gender identity theory gender schema theory social learning theory gender-typing theory |
social learning theory |
|
|
In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the
independent variable control condition intervening variable dependent variable |
dependent variable |
|
|
The technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer images of structures with the brain is called
a PET scan an EEG a CT scan an MRI |
an MRI |
|
|
The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is
Descartes Aristotle Plato Locke
|
Locke |
|
|
Which of the following is not a correct description of a brain research technique?
Using a CT scan to examine the brain’s structure. Using an EEG to record the brain’s electrical activity. Using an MRI to examine the brain’s structure. Using a PET scan to examine the brain’s structure. |
Using a PET scan to examine the brain’s structure.
|
|
|
Compared to when he was younger, 4-year-old Antonio is better able to empathize with his friends’ feelings. This growing ability to see from another’s perspective indicates that Antonio is acquiring a
schema temperament self-concept theory of mind
|
theory of mind
|
|
|
The rooting reflex occurs when a
newborn hears his or her mother’s voice newborn’s foot is tickled newborn hears a loud noise newborn’s cheek is touched newborn makes eye contact with his or her caregiver |
newborn’s cheek is touched
|
|
|
The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was
Aristotle Plato Simonides Descartes |
Plato |
|
|
Which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?
It is weaker today than in the past. It is almost completely unpredictable. It is more extensive than most people believe. It is more limited than popular psychology supposes. |
It is more limited than popular psychology supposes.
|
|
|
An elderly person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has attained Erikson’s stage of
intimacy isolation integrity generativity acceptance |
integrity |
|
|
Longitudinal tests
compare people of different ages usually involve a smaller sample than do cross-sectional tests are less informative than cross-sectional tests usually involve a larger sample than do cross-sectional tests study the same people at different time |
study the same people at different time |
|
|
A neuron will generate action potentials more often when it
is stimulated by a hormone receives an excitatory input receives more excitatory than inhibitory inputs is stimulated by a neurotransmitter remains below its threshold |
receives more excitatory than inhibitory inputs |
|
|
According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are
identity formation; generativity; intimacy intimacy; identity formation; generativity intimacy; generativity; identity formation identity formation; intimacy; generativity generativity; intimacy; identity formation |
identity formation; intimacy; generativity |
|
|
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is most likely to be found
at the junction between sensory neurons and muscle fibers at the junction between motor neurons and muscle fibers at junctions between interneurons in all of the above locations |
at the junction between motor neurons and muscle fibers |
|
|
In preconventional morality, the person
obeys out of a sense of social duty follows the dictates of his or her conscience obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards conforms to gain social approval |
obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards |
|
|
During an action potential, the electrical state of the axon becomes
depolarized, as positively charged atoms are admitted polarized, as negatively charged atoms are admitted polarized, as positively charged atoms are admitted depolarized, as negatively charged atoms are admitted |
depolarized, as positively charged atoms are admitted |
|
|
Voluntary movements, such as writing with a pencil, are directed by the
parasympathetic nervous system autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system |
somatic nervous system |
|
|
Stranger anxiety develops at the same time as
the concept of conservation egocentrism a theory of mind the concept of object permanence |
the concept of object permanence |
|
|
Given the text discussion in chapter 4 of life satisfaction patterns, which of the following people is likely to report the greatest life satisfaction?
Alan, a thirty-year-old accountant Mildred, a seventy-year-old retired teacher too little information to tell Kathy, a seventeen-year-old high-school senior Billy, a seven-year-old second-grader |
too little information to tell |
|
|
A person’s general ability to think abstractly is called intelligence. This ability is ________ and generally ________ with age.
crystallized; decreases fluid; increases crystallized; increases fluid; decreases |
fluid; decreases |
|
|
Which of the following is the measure of central tendency that would be most affected by a few extreme scores?
mode mean median range |
mean |
|
|
Following a gunshot wound to his head, Jack became more uninhibited, irritable, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of injury to his
frontal lobe endocrine system occipital lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe |
frontal lobe |
|
|
After puberty, the self-concept usually becomes
more positive in boys more negative in both boys and girls more positive in both boys and girls more positive in girls |
more positive in both boys and girls |
|
|
The visual cortex is located in the
parietal lobe frontal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe |
occipital lobe |
|
|
A strong stimulus can increase the
somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system speed of the impulse the neuron fires |
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will
be indifferent toward their mothers on their return explore the new surroundings confidently hold fast to their mothers on their return display little emotion at anytime |
be indifferent toward their mothers on their return |
|
|
Which of the following are governed by the simplest neural pathways?
balance reflexes physiological drives, such as hunger movements, such as walking emotions |
reflexes |
|
|
Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children
closely match those of other children reared in the same home, whether or not they are biologically related bear more similarities to those of their biological parents than to those of their adoptive parents closely match those of biological children of the adoptive parents closely match those of their adoptive parents |
closely match those of their adoptive parents |
|
|
A pair of adopted children, or a pair of identical twins, reared in the same home is most likely to have similar
temperaments personalities religious beliefs emotional reactivity |
religious beliefs |
|
|
The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is
Harlow Vygotsky Erikson Freud Piaget |
Erikson |
|
|
Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?
axon—dendrite—cell body—synapse synapse—axon—dendrite—cell body dendrite—cell body—axon—synapse axon—synapse—cell body—dendrite dendrite—axon—cell body—synapse |
dendrite—cell body—axon—synapse |
|
|
Though there is no single “control center” for emotions, their regulation is primarily attributed to the brain region known as the
cerebral cortex reticular formation brainstem limbic system |
limbic system |
|
|
The punter on a football team wants to determine how consistent his punting distances have been during the past season. He should compute the
standard deviation mean median mode |
standard deviation |
|
|
Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex?
interneuron—sensory neuron—motor neuron sensory neuron—interneuron—motor neuron sensory neuron—interneuron—sensory neuron interneuron—motor neuron—sensory neuron |
sensory neuron—interneuron—motor neuron |
|
|
Which of the following is correct?
Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured then boys who mature late. Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social advantage. Early maturing girls are more popular and self-assured than girls who mature late. Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social disadvantage. |
Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured then boys who mature late. |
|
|
If chromosomes are the “books” of heredity, the “words” are the__________ and the “letters” are the__________.
DNA; genes genes; DNA genes; nucleotides nucleotides; genes |
genes; nucleotides |
|
|
When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are not influenced by
conservation nurture nature continuity |
nurture |
|
|
When considering a normal distribution of scores, what percentage of scores is equal to or below the mean?
97.5 percent 34 percent 68 percent 50 percent 16 percent |
50 percent |
|
|
Based on research, which of the following seems true about the specialized functions of the right and left hemispheres?
They are more clear-cut in men than in women. Most complex tasks emerge from the activity of one or the other hemispheres. They are more clear-cut in women than in men. Most complex activities emerge from the integrated activity of both hemispheres. |
Most complex activities emerge from the integrated activity of both hemispheres. |
|
|
During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?
preoperational sensorimotor concrete operational formal operational |
sensorimotor |
|
|
Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or__________, of an entire group, or ___________.
population; random sampling random sample; population experimental group; control group control group; experimental group |
random sample; population |
|
|
The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of René Descartes as _________ is to ___________.
irrationality; rationality nurture; nature nature; nurture rationality; irrationality |
nurture; nature |
|
|
In Piaget’s stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of
object permanence attachment conservation deduction |
conservation |
|
|
Dr. Johnson briefly flashed a picture of a key in the right visual field of a split brain patient. The patient could probably
verbally report that a key was seen write the word “key” using the left hand draw a picture of a key using the left hand do none of the above |
verbally report that a key was seen |
|
|
The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way except with the presence of the independent variable is called
representative sampling random assignment stratification variable control |
random assignment |
|
|
Martina believes that high doses of caffeine slow a person’s reaction time. In order to test this belief, she has five friends each drink three 8-ounce cups of coffee and then measures their reaction time on a learning task. What is wrong with Martina’s research strategy?
There is no provision for replication of the findings. No dependent variable is specified. There is no control condition. No independent variable is specified. |
There is no control condition. |
|
|
Analyzing different strategies and approaches used in studying, learning, memorizing, therapy, perception, loving, or any human process is exciting and intriguing. This “thinking about thinking” appears to be unique to humans. This process is called
soul searching interactive introspeaction metacognition parapsychology intelligence |
metacognition |
|
|
In Erikson’s theory, individuals generally focus on developing ________ during adolescence and then ________ during young adulthood
intimacy; identity identity; intimacy basic trust; identity identity; basic trust |
identity; intimacy |
|
|
Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational |
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
|
|
A bodybuilder friend suddenly seems to have grown several inches in height. You suspect that your friend’s growth spurt has occurred because he has been using drugs that affect the
medulla cerebellum adrenal glads pituitary gland thalamus |
pituitary gland |
|
|
When the mean of a distribution of scores or measures is higher than the median, the distribution will be
symmetrical negatively skewed abnormally deviant unpredictable positively skewed |
positively skewed |
|
|
Which of the following research strategies would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?
survey experiment case study naturalistic observation |
experiment |
|
|
Gender refers to
the extent to which one exhibits traditionally male or female traits the biological and social definition of male and female one’s sense of being male or female the biological definition of male and female |
the biological and social definition of male and female |
|
|
Beginning at the front of the brain and working backward, then down and around, which of the following is the correct order of the cortical regions?
occipital lobe; temporal lobe; parietal lobe; frontal lobe occipital lobe; parietal lobe; temporal lobe; frontal lobe frontal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe; temporal lobe frontal lobe; occipital lobe; temporal lobe; parietal lobe temporal lobe; frontal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe |
frontal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe; temporal lobe |
|
|
In a resting state, the axon is
depolarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside depolarized, with mostly negatively charged ions outside and positively charged ions inside polarized, with mostly negatively charged ions outside and positively charged ions inside polarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside |
polarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside |
|
|
In Piaget’s theory, conservation is to egocentrism as the _________ stage is to the _______ stage.
formal operational; sensorimotor concrete operational; preoperational sensorimotor; formal operational preoperational; sensorimotor |
concrete operational; preoperational |
|
|
The term “critical period” refers to
a restricted time for learning prenatal development the preoperational stage the initial 2 hours after a child’s birth |
a restricted time for learning |
|
|
Dr. Frankenstein made a mistake during neurosurgery on his monster. After the operation, the monster “saw” with his ears and “heard” with his eyes. It is likely that Dr. Frankenstein “rewired” neural connections in the monster’s
hypothalamus amygdala cerebellum hippocampus thalamus |
thalamus |
|
|
A double-blind procedure would be critical for which of the following?
Surveying the drug use and abuse among public school students. Timing the rate of learning for a pigeon getting rewarded on a variable schedule vs. a fixed schedule. Assessing the treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms. Comparison of intelligence scores of children from different educational settings. Questionnaires describing relationships among family members. |
Assessing the treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms. |
|
|
Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the
formal operational stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage sensorimotor stage |
preoperational stage |
|
|
If a student scored higher than 75 percent of the other students taking the same test, you know that the student
scored 75 percent lower than the highest student’s score scored 75 percent higher than the lowest student’s score obtained a percentile rank of seventy-five on the test she took ranked seventy-fifth from the top scoring student answered 75 percent of the questions accurately |
obtained a percentile rank of seventy-five on the test she took |
|
|
The brain research technique that involves monitoring the brain’s usage of glucose is called (in abbreviated form) a(n)
MRI CT scan PET scan EEG |
PET scan |
|
|
The axons of certain neurons are covered by a layer of fatty tissue that helps speed neural transmission. This tissue is
an endorphin acetylcholine the myelin sheath the glia |
the myelin sheath |
|
|
The cross-sectional method
compares people of different ages with one another tends to paint too favorable a picture of the effects of aging on intelligence is more appropriate than the longitudinal method for studying intellectual change over the life span studies the same group of people at different times |
compares people of different ages with one another |
|
|
A friend majoring in anthropology is critical of psychological research because it often ignores the influence of culture on thoughts and actions. In defense of psychologoical research, you point out that
most researchers assign subjects to experimental and control conditions in such a way as to fairly represent the cultural diversity of the population under study it is impossible for psychologists to control for every possible variable that might influence research participants there is very little evidence that cultural diversity has a significant effect on specific behaviors and attitudes even when specific thoughts and actions vary across cultures, as they often do, the underlying processes are much the same |
even when specific thoughts and actions vary across cultures, as they often do, the underlying processes are much the same |
|
|
When interviewing a sampling of people about attitudes toward global terrorism, which of the following would I want to do if I wanted my sampling to be random? I would ensure that my sampling of subjects included
an equal number of male and female respondents the same probability for each person of the larger population being chosen widely different political attitudes to be fair to minorities a large sample in case some refuse to take or finish the survey proportional amounts of each social class |
the same probability for each person of the larger population being chosen |
|
|
In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of subjects is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the
experimental group control group test group random sampling |
control group |
|
|
If Dr. Rogers wishes to conduct an experiment on the effects of stimulating the reward centers of a rat’s brain, he should insert an electrode into the
hypothalamus sensory cortex thalamus corpus callosum |
hypothalamus |
|
|
The visual cortex is located in the
parietal lobe occipital lobe frontal lobe tempiral lobe |
occipital lobe |
|
|
When a difference between two groups is “statistically significant,” this means that
the difference is statistically real but of little practical significance the difference is probably the result of sampling variation the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation all of the above are true |
the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation |
|
|
Your brother has been taking prescription medicine and experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects, including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive perspiration. It is likely that the medicine is exaggerating activity in the
reticular formation sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system amygdala |
sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Which of the following is typically controlled by the left hemisphere?
perceptual skills arithmetic reasoning the left side of the body spatial reasoning |
arithmetic reasoning |
|
|
In a test on the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction-time task in either a polluted or an unpolluted room. Students in the unpolluted room were exposed to ____________ conditions.
control dependent experimental randomly assigned |
control |
|
|
Melissa has just completed running a marathon. She is so elated that she feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is probably the result of the release of
norepinephrine endorphins dopamine acetylcholine Acetylcholine (ACh) |
endorphins |
|
|
Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study
identical twins identical twins raised in different environments adopted children and their adopted parents fraternal twins |
identical twins raised in different environments |
|
|
Which of the following statements is consistent with the current thinking of developmental psychologists?
The first two years are the most crucial in determining the individual’s personality. Social and emotional style are among the characteristics that show the least stability over the life span. Development occurs in a series of sharply defined stages. The consistency of personality in most people tends to increase over the life span. |
The consistency of personality in most people tends to increase over the life span. |
|
|
Heartbeat, digestion, and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the
somatic nervous system central nervous system autonomic nervous system voluntary nervous system sympathetic nervous system |
autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Which type of research strategy would allow you to determine whether students’ college grades accurately predict later income?
experimentation correlation case study naturalistic observation |
correlation |
|
|
In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the
dependent variable control condition independent variable intervening variable |
independent variable |
|
|
During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?
REM sleep stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 |
REM sleep |
|
|
In order to maximize your sensitivity to fine visual detail, you should
stare off to one side of the object you are attempting to see decrease the intensity of the light falling upon the object close one eye stare directly at the object |
stare directly at the object |
|
|
If you can notice the difference between 10- and 11-pound weights, which of the following weights could you differentiate from a 100-pound weight?
101-pound weight 105-pound weight 110-pound weight There is no basis for prediction |
110-pound weight |
|
|
Given normal sensory ability, a person can hear a watch ticking in a silent room from twenty feet away. This is a description of hearing’s
signal detection JND absolute threshold difference threshold |
absolute threshold |
|
|
Dr. Frankenstein has forgotten to give his monster an important part; as a result, the monster cannot transduce sound. Dr. Frankenstein has omitted the
basilar membrane eardrum middle ear semicircular canals |
basilar membrane |
|
|
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which sound travels after entering the ear?
cochlea, eardrum, middle ear, auditory canal auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea auditory canal, middle ear, eardrum, cochlea eardrum, middle ear, cochlea, auditory canal eardrum, auditory canal, middle ear, cochlea |
auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea |
|
|
As a form of therapy for relieving problems such as headaches, hypnosis is
highly effective more effective with adults than children ineffective no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis |
no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis |
|
|
The process by which the lens changes its curvature is
focusing sensory adaptation accommodation transduction |
accommodation |
|
|
According to the opponent-process theory,
there are three types of color-sensitive cones the process of color vision begins in the cortex neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color’s wavelength and inhibited by another’s all of these are true |
neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color’s wavelength and inhibited by another’s |
|
|
The inner ear contains receptors for
audition, kinesthesis, and the vestibular sense audition and the vestibular sense audition and kinesthesis kinesthesis and the vestibular sense |
audition and the vestibular sense |
|
|
The Young-Helmholtz theory proposes that
there are three different types of color-sensitive cones rod, not cone, vision accounts for our ability to detect fine visual detail retinal cells are excited by one color and inhibited by its complimentary color there are four different types of cones |
there are three different types of color-sensitive cones |
|
|
The modern discovery of hypnosis is generally attributed to
Hilgard Freud Mesmer Spanos |
Mesmer |
|
|
A person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to have developed
physical dependency tolerance resistance psychological dependency withdrawal symptoms |
tolerance |
|
|
Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue?
relative height retinal disparity texture gradient interposition light and shadow |
retinal disparity |
|
|
Most color-deficient people will probably
lack functioning red- or green-sensitive cones also suffer from poor vision have above-average vision to compensate for the deficit see the world in only black and white |
lack functioning red- or green-sensitive cones |
|
|
Which of the following is/are classified as a depressant?
marijuana PCP alcohol amphetamines LSD |
alcohol |
|
|
Alcohol has a profound effect on
all of these previously established long-term memories immediate memory the transfer of experiences to long-term memory |
the transfer of experiences to long-term memory |
|
|
_________________ processing refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation.
Parapyschological Bottom-up Human factors Top-down |
Bottom-up |
|
|
The figure-ground relationship has demonstrated that
the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception perception is largely innate perception is simply a point-for-point representation of sensation different people see different things when viewing a scene |
the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception |
|
|
You probably perceive the diagram below as three separate objects due to the principles of
closure connectedness proximity continuity |
connectedness |
|
|
One reason that your ability to detect fine visual details is greatest when scenes are focused on the fovea of your retina is that
there are more feature detectors in the fovea than in the peripheral regions of the retina many rods, which are clustered in the fovea, have individual bipolar cells to relay their information to the cortex many cones, which are clustered in the fovea, have individual bipolar cells to relay their information to the cortex cones in the fovea are nearer to the optic nerve than those in peripheral regions of the retina |
many cones, which are clustered in the fovea, have individual bipolar cells to relay their information to the cortex |
|
|
Sensation is to _______________ as perception is to ________________.
seeing; hearing interpreting a stimulus; detecting a stimulus recognizing a stimulus; interpreting a stimulus detecting a stimulus; recognizing a stimulus |
detecting a stimulus; recognizing a stimulus |
|
|
When our __________ is disrupted, we experience jet lag.
stage 1 sleep REM sleep circadian rhythm stage 4 sleep daydreaming |
circadian rhythm |
|
|
When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as
retinal disparity relative motion convergence linear perspective |
retinal disparity |
|
|
As we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing. This is part of the phenomenon of
perceptual consistency linear perspective continuity relative motion |
perceptual consistency |
|
|
The sensation experienced when eating spicy foods is wonderful for some, tear-producing for others, and moderate for others. The experience of spiciness is a combination of
bitter and salty smell and pain smell and bitter smell and salty sweet and bitter |
smell and pain |
|
|
Although much of our development is determined by the biology of our innate wiring and maturation, a behaviorist like Ivan Pavlov or B. F. Skinner would tell us that our development is largely a product of _______________.
negative reinforcers conditioned stimuli positive reinforcers conditioned responses learning |
learning |
|
|
According to Freud, dreams are
transparent representations of the individual’s conflicts the result of random neural activity in the brainstem the brain’s mechanism for self-stimulation symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes |
symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes |
|
|
The process of encoding refers to
a clear memory of an emotionally significant event the motivated forgetting of painful memories getting information into memory the persistence of learning over time. the recall of information previously learned |
getting information into memory
|
|
|
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of
observable behavior genetic predispositions cognitive processes all the above |
observable behavior |
|
|
The biggest objection to behaviorism, as Skinner approached it, has been that some claim that he dehumanized people and sought to control their behaviors. In his writings and practice, he did not acknowledge
internal thoughts personal feelings religion all of these a and b |
a and b |
|
|
Lewis cannot remember the details of the torture he experienced as a prisoner of war. According to Freud, Lewis's failure to remember these painful memories is an example of:
repression flashbulb memory state-dependent memory retrieval failure implicit memory |
repression |
|
|
Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because
it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned of all the above reasons |
so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned |
|
|
The three steps in memory information processing are
encoding, retrieval, storage input, processing, output input, storage, output input, storage, retrieval encoding, storage, retrieval |
encoding, storage, retrieval |
|
|
In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role?
animals adaptation to the environment the body's immune system emotional problems helping drug addicts all the above |
all the above |
|
|
Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because
behavior is not forgotten and may return punishing stimuli often creates fear punishment often increases aggressiveness of all of these reasons |
of all of these reasons |
|
|
To maintain information briefly in short-term memory it must be __________ first.
rehearsed encoded iconic or echoic retrieved |
encoded |
|
|
According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words, you should have the greatest difficulty with those
at the end and in the middle of the list at the beginning and the end of the list in the middle of the list at the end of the list at the beginning of the list |
in the middle of the list |
|
|
A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being
negatively reinforced punished extinguished positively reinforced |
negatively reinforced |
|
|
Fishing is reinforced according to which schedule?
fixed-interval schedule continuous reinforcement fixed-ratio schedule partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
|
|
In Pavlov’s original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the
UCS CR CS UCR |
UCR |
|
|
When a conditional stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, __________will soon take place.
discrimination aversion spontaneous recovery extinction generalization |
extinction |
|
|
For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired purpose?
immediately before immediately after at the same time at least a half hour before in any of the above sequences |
immediately after |
|
|
You are expecting an important letter in the mail. As the regular delivery time approaches, you glance more and more frequently out the window, searching for the letter carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed-ratio variable-interval fixed-interval variable-ratio |
fixed-interval |
|
|
One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that
in classical conditioning, the responses are automatically elicited by stimuli in operant conditioning, the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli in classical conditioning, the responses operate on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli in operant conditioning, the responses are reflexive |
in classical conditioning, the responses are automatically elicited by stimuli |
|
|
Visual sensory memory is referred to as
iconic memory photo memory semantic memory echoic memory |
iconic memory |
|
|
In Pavlov’s original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a
CR UCS CS UCR |
UCS |
|
|
In Pavlov’s original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) __________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) __________ stimulus.
unconditioned; conditioned neutral; conditioned conditioned; neutral conditioned; unconditioned |
neutral; conditioned |
|
|
Operant conditioning is to __________ as classical conditioning is to __________.
Pavlov; Skinner Skinner; Bandura Pavlov; Watson Skinner; Pavlov |
Skinner; Pavlov |
|
|
Studies of amnesics suggest that
memory is a single, unified system there are three distinct types of memory brain trauma eliminates the ability to learn there are two distinct types of memory memory losses following brain trauma are unpredictable |
there are two distinct types of memory |
|
|
To help him remember the order of ingredients in difficult recipes, master chef Giulio often associates them with the route he walks to work each day. Giulio is using which mnemonic technique?
peg-word system acronyms the method of loci chunking |
the method of loci |
|
|
Albert Bandura observed that learning is not as laborious or hazardous if we learn from observing what others do and how they get rewarded. His theory of Social Learning stresses the importance of vicarious learning of others’ rewards and punishments. He also recognized that people who believe their efforts will be successful and that they are in control have greater levels of _______________.
positive reinforcement self-actualization self-efficacy unconditional positive regard modeling |
self-efficacy |
|
|
Which of the following is not a negative reinforcer?
putting on a car seat belt to end the buzzing waking up to turn the alarm clock off letting your little brother have more computer time so he’ll stop nagging you scolding a child when going across the street without looking both ways taking a pain-killing medication to relieve body aches |
scolding a child when going across the street without looking both ways |
