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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define anatomy. |
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts. |
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Define physiology. |
The study of how the body and its parts work or function. |
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Name (in order of increasing complexity) the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body. Explain their relationships. |
1) Chemical Level - Atoms combine to form molecules. 2) Cellular level - Cells are made up of molecules. 3) Tissue level - Tissues consist of cells. 4) Organ level - Organs are made up of tissues. 5) Organ system level - Consists of different organs that work together closely. 6) Organismal level - Humans are made up of many organ systems. |
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List the organ systems of the body and briefly explain the organs and major function(s) of each system. [IS-MNE-CLR-DUR] |
1. Integumentary: Forms the external body covering •Protects deeper tissue from injury •Helps regulate body temperature •Location of cutaneous nerve receptors. 2. Skeletal: Protects and supports body organs •Provides muscle attachment for movement •Site of blood cell formation •Stores minerals. 3. Muscular: Produces movement •Maintains posture •Produces heat. 4. Nervous: Fast-acting control system •Responds to internal and external change •Activates muscles and glands. 5. Endocrine •Secretes regulatory hormones •Growth •Reproduction •Metabolism. 6. Cardiovascular: Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart •Oxygen •Carbon dioxide •Nutrients •Wastes. 7. Lymphatic: Returns fluids to blood vessels •Cleanses the blood •Involved in immunity. 8. Respiratory: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen •Removes carbon dioxide. 9. Digestive: Breaks down food •Allows for nutrient absorption into blood •Eliminates indigestible material as feces. 10. Urinary: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes •Maintains acid-base balance •Regulates water and electrolytes. 11. Reproductive: Produces offspring •Testes produce sperm and male hormone •Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones . |
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List/explain the necessary life functions. [MM-RD-MERG] |
1. Maintain boundaries. 2. Movement •Locomotion •Movement of substances. 3. Responsiveness •Ability to sense changes and react. 4. Digestion •Breakdown and absorption of nutrients. 5. Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body •Break down complex molecules into smaller ones •Build larger molecules from smaller ones •Produces energy •Regulated by hormones. 6. Excretion •Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions •Wastes may be removed in urine or feces. 7. Reproduction •Occurs on cellular level or organismal level •Produces future generation. 8. Growth •Increases cell size and number of cells. |
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List/explain the survival Needs. [NOWSA] |
1. Nutrients •Chemicals for energy and cell building •Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals 2. Oxygen •Required for chemical reactions 3. Water •60 to 80 percent of body weight •Most abundant chemical in the human body •Provides fluid base for metabolic reaction 4. Stable body temperature •37°C (98°F) 5. Atmospheric pressure •Must be appropriate for gas exchange |
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Define homeostasis and explain its importance. |
Homeostasis—maintenance of a stableinternal environment •A dynamic state of equilibrium •Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life |
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Identify the components and pathways involved in maintaining homeostasis. |
Receptor •Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) •Sends information to control center Control center •Determines set point •Analyzes information •Determines appropriate response Effector •Provides a means for response to the stimulus |
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Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis. |
Negative feedback •Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms •Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity •Works like a household thermostat |
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Define positive feedback. Note specific cases in which it contributes to normal functioning. |
Positivefeedback •Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther •In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby |
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Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease. |
Disease can be regarded as a result of homeostatic imbalance. |
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Describe the anatomical position |
Give me a hug. Thumbs outward. |
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The terminology to describe the directional & regional terms, and body planes and sections. |
Superior: toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior: away from the head end ortoward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the back side of the body; behind Medial: toward or at the mid line of the body; on the inner side of Lateral: away from the mid line of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or pointof attachment to a limb to the body trunk Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial: toward or at the body surface
Deep: away from the body surface; more internal |
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Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions, and list major organs in each cavity or subdivision. |
-Dorsal body cavity -Cranial cavity houses the brain -Spinal cavity houses the spinalcord -Ventral body cavity -Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others -Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs -Pelvic cavity houses reproductive organs, bladder, rectum |
