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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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the study of life
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things: organic composition
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containing carbon, C.
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things:cellular organization
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structural/functional unit.
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things:metabolism
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all chemical activity
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things:growth
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increase in size
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things:movement
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motion of some kind initiated from within
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things:irritability
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response to a stimulus
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things:adaption
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ability to change or modify (ex:homeostasis)
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things:reproduction
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-union of 2 cells, bodies to produce new off spring. -parts of or whole organisms produce new offspring. |
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1 of the 9 characteristics of living things:death
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death/decay/composition.
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subdisciplines of biology: anatomy
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structure how are things put together
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subdisciplines of biology: psysiology
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function, how things work
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subdisciplines of biology:
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all specific functions are performed by specific structures.
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subdisciplines of A&P:cytology
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cells
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subdisciplines of A&P:histology
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tissues
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subdisciplines of A&P:gross anatomy
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exam of large structures
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subdisciplines of A&P:systemic a&P (the specialities)
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-cardiology (heart)
-urology (urinary tract, male sex organs) -ENT(Ear,nose,throat) -OBGYN(burginas) -endocrinology(hormones) -arthrology(joints) |
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subdisciplines of A&P:biochemistry
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chemistry of life
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subdisciplines of A&P:pathology
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disease
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Hierarchy of organization: matter,atom,molecule.
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-anything that occupies space.
-units of matter (ex:C,H,O) -different/similar atoms bonded together (ex:water,carbs,proteins) |
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5 major groups of heirarchy
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1.organelle
2.cell 3.tissue 4.organ 5.system. |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 1
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organelle-different biomolecules functioning together
-parts of a cell -usually with a recognizable shape -ex:mitochondria,ER,nucleus,etc. |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 2
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cell- basic unit of living matter
-composed of cell parts/organelles functioning in living processes -differentiate into various types |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 3
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tissue-different/similar cells functioning together
-(ex:epithelium, connective, muscle,nervous) |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 4
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organ-different tissues functioning together
-usually with recognizable shape -(ex:heart,stomach,brain) |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 5
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system- different organs functioning together
-11 different types of systems -integumentary, skeletal -muscular,nervous,endocrine -cardiovascular,lymphatic -respitory,digestive,urinary |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 6
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organism
-whole body |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 7
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population
-similar organisms "coexisting" |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 8
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community
-different populations coexisting |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 9
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ecosystem
-living communites in "non living" environments. |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 10
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biome
-multiple ecosystems in a certain area |
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11 different groups of heirarchy (it includes the 5 major as the first five) number 11
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biosphere
-multiple biomes on one planet, earth |
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what is Atomic number?
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elements ID'd by # of protons
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proton
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positively charged atom
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proton
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positively charged particle
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neutron
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neutral particle
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isotope
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Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
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electron
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negatively charged particle
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ion
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is a charged atom
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anion
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negative ion
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cation
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positive charged ion
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ionic bond
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attraction between 2 ions (+ and -) and causes electrons to move from one ion to another
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covalent bond
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pairs of electrons are equally shared by atoms and come in single bond (1PR) double bond (2PR) or triple bond (3PR) sharing
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octet rule
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electrons come in shells of 8 after the first shell of 2
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molecule
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atoms that are bonded together and more complex, heavier, different characteristics, different weights, etc..
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inorganic molecule
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water
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organic molecule
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carbohydrate,lipids,proteins,nucleic acids.
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what are water characteristics?
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H20 (3 atoms)
major solvent specific heat polarity specific heat |
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what is usual about waters density?
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its lets dense as a solid
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is water polar?
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yes
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is water cohesive?
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yes
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does water have specific heat?
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yes
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What is an acid
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>7
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What is a base
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<7
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What is a neutral.
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7
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What ions do acids release?
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h+
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What ions do bases release
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OH-
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What is a salt?
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A substance that dissolves in water and produces + and - ions that are not H+ or OH-
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What is a carbohydrate?
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Organic compounds
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major functions of a carbohydrate?
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food/fuel/energy source
storage form structural (ex: sugar in DNA) |
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monosaccharide formula?
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CH2O
(ex: C3H6O3) |
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examples of monosaccharide?
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glucose,fructose,galactose
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triose formula?
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C3H6O3
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tetrose formula?
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C4H8O4
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pentose formula?
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C5 H10 O5
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Dissacharide?
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2 sugars bonded
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disaccharide examples?
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sucrose (glucose & fructose)
lactose (glucose & galactose) maltose (glucose & glucose) |
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dehydration synthesis?
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when 2 molecules drop atoms to form water, One drops 0H- and one drops H+
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polysaccharide?
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large and complex carbohydrates.
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examples of poly saccharides?
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cellulose (plant wall structure) which contains many glucose molecules bonded in chain.
glycogen:storage found in animals(found in muscles and liver) |
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what is a lipid?
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its an organic compound and has C's and H's but bery few O's.
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neutral fat/triglyceride
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neutral fats.
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building blocks for 1 triglyceride?
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1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails.
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what is the glycerol formula?
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see handout***
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characteristics of a saturated fatty chain?
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straight tails
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characteristics of unsaturated fatty chains?
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bent tails.
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what is a phospholipid?
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1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid tails
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what are characteristics of a protein?
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food/fuel,storage,structure, enzymes, transport (hemoglobin), protection (antibodies), movement (action + myosin), structural (collagen)
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amino acid structure?
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***
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know an label the amino acid structure**
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**
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peptide bond?
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attraction between the C of the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the N of the amine group of an adjacent amino acid.
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dipeptide?
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1 AA + 1 AA with 1 peptide bond between (1 water falls off)
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tripeptide?
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1 AA + 1 AA + 1 AA (2 waters fall off)
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what is conformation?
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a specific protein shape
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primary conformation
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linear sequence of AA's
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secondary conformation
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folding, bending along sections of the chain.
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tertiary conformation
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further bondings, associations between different sections of chain.
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quaternary conformation
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only in complex proteins with more than 1 polypeptide chain= interconnections between multiple strands (ex: hemoglobin)
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denaturation
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change in shape, loss of conformation (changes in pH, and temperature changes)
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enzymes
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protein subgroups that function in biological catalysts that always end in -ASE
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active site on an enzyme
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place on an enzyme where chemical activity occurs.
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lock and key model
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specific enzymes can only do certain things (think of certain shapes trying to work)
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what is the R group of an amino acid?
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its the variable it determines the amino acid name, reactivity, size, etc.
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what is the carboxyl group of an AA?
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the C00H
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amine group of an amino acid?
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NH2
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what are nucleic acids?
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DNA,RNA
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what are the DNA nucleotides?
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A,T,G,C
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what are the RNA nucleotides?
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A,U,G,C
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what is a pentose sugar?
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C5 H10 04 (deoxyribose)
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RNA
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in the nucleus + cytoplasm (ribosomes)
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r-RNA
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forms ribosomes
means ribosomal RNA |
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m-RNA
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copies genetic code from DNA and passes it to t-RNA
means messenger RNA |
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t-RNA
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copies genetic code from m-RNA and passes it to amino acids = protein synthesis.
means transfer RNA |
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protein synthesis
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DNA->mRNA->tRNA->amino acids placed in sequence->protein structure
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DNA vs RNA
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both composed of nucleotides, both in nucleus, DNA sugar is DEoxyribose while RNA is ribose, DNA bases are A,T,G,C while RNA bases are A,U,G,C, thymine is present in DNA while uracil is present in RNA, DNA is double stranded while RNA is usually single stranded.
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ATP
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-universal energy storage compound
-modified nucleotide. |
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cyclic-AMP
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AMP can be converted to a cyclic form by an enzyme.
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"second messenger"
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c-AMP acts as a second messenger that alters a cells activities.
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