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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the definition of inflammation?
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A protective response that eliminates the initial cause of cell injury and the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult.
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What is the relationship between inflammation and infection?
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Infection usually causes inflammation
Inflammation not necessarily due to infection |
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What are the earliest accounts of inflammation?
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-1650 BC - described in an Egyptian papyrus
-Greek medicine called it phlegmone (the burning thing) in the time of Hippocrates. |
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What were some misconceptions of inflammation in olden times?
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-since most wounds bacame infected, suppuration was considered necessary in healing
-Pus was thought to be a decay of blood; to stop the decay, the patient was bled |
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What are the 4 signs of inflammation described by Cornelius Celsus in the 1st century AD?
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-Redness
-Swelling -Heat -Pain |
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What was the 5th sign of inflammation added in 1858 and by whom?
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-loss of function
--Virchow -is mistakenly attributed to a Greek, Galen, who wrote about medicine around 250 AD |
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Who was it that realized inflammation was not a disease but a "salutary reaction?"
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-John Hunter, 1793
--Scottish surgeon-scientist |
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When were microscopes invented and when were they used for medical research?
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-1600s invented
-1800s research |
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Who was one of the first to study thin tissue in live animals with a microscope?
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Julius Cohnheim (1839-1884)
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What were the 6 things Julius Cohnheim discovered from observing irritated tissues?
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-dilation of blood vessels
-accelerated blood flow (transient) -Slowing and stagnation of flow -White blood cells lined the walls of vessels -some WBCs crawled through the walls -the permeability of the blood vessel had increased |
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Who 1st observed phagocytosis?
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-Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) Russian biologist.
-watched leukocytes ingest large particles in invertebrates |
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What did Elie Metchnikoff determine was the purpose of inflammation?
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to bring phagocytes to engulf invading bacteria.
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What are 5 components that participate in an inflammatory response?
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-Circulating blood cells - Leukocytes esp neutrophils
-plasma proteins - clotting factors, kininogens, complement -Platelets -Vascular wall - endothelial cells, smooth muscle -Extracellular matrix - fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins |
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What role do Mast cells play in an inflammatory response?
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source of mediators - histamine and others
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What role do macrophages play in an inflammatory response?
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-elimination of microbes and dead tissue
-source of mediators - cytokines and others -role in immune response |
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What role do extracellular matrix proteins and cells play in an inflammatory response?
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-repair
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What role do plasma proteins play in an inflammatory response?
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-Complement - mediators of inflammation, elimination of microbes
-Clotting factors and kininogens: mediators of inflammation |
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What role does the endothelium play in an inflammatory response?
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Source of mediators - nitrous oxide, cytokines, others
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What are the 4 overview steps of inflammation?
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-tissue damage causes release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability
-Permeable capillaries allow an influx of fluid (exudate) and cells -Phagocytes migrate to site of inflammation -Phagocytes and antibacterial exudate destroy bacteria |
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What are the 2 stages of inflammation?
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-Acute
-Chronic |
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What are the characteristics of acute inflammation?
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-rapid responses (mins to hrs)
-Neutrophils predominate -Erythema (redness), edema, fibrin deposition (deposited) |
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What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?
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-days or longer
-Mononuclear cells predominate - monocyte/macrophages -Fibroblasts - produce collogen (termed chronic when fibroblasts are activated) |
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What are the 3 processes in acute inflammation?
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-initial increase in diameter of blood vessels
---arterioles, capillaries, venules -increased permeability of vessel - caused by histamine, serotonin, kinins, etc -Cellular influx - Margination, rolling, adherence, extravasation (diapedesis), migration (chemotaxis) |
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What does microvasculature mean and the 3 kinds?
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means small vessels
-arterioles, capillaries, venules |
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What is exudation?
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the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vasculature into the interstitial tissue or body cavities
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What is transudate effusion?
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-low protein conc, no cells, an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma, sp. gravity < 1.012
-what is going on normally |
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What is exudate effusion?
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-high protein conc, cellular debris, sp. gravity > 1.020
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What is edema?
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excess fluid in extravascular space (transudate or exudate)
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What is Pus?
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a purulent exudate
-contains many leukocytes (esp neutrophils), and cell debris |
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What happens to the oncotic pressure in acute inflammation?
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It goes way up
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What are the experimental methods to determine vascular permeability?
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-dye
-carbon particles -vasoactive amines - histamine, bradykinin, serotonin |
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Is there one or many mechanisms of vascular permeability and are all microvasculature affected the same?
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-more than one mechanism of vascular permeability
-segments of microvasculature are affected differently depending on mechanism of permeability |
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Why does carbon not leak out and stain tissue like dye?
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It can fit through endothelial cells but not able to fit through basement membrane
-you can see the microvasculature that is affected |
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What are 5 mechanisms of vascular leakage in inflammation?
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-Gaps due to endothelial contraction
-Direct injury -Leukocyte-dependent injury -Increased transcytosis New blood vessel formation |
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What does extravasation mean?
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the discharge or escape from a vessel into the tissues (diapedisis - specifically of blood cells)
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What does chemotaxis mean?
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The characteristic movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus
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