A&p Lab Practical 1

Front 1

What is the skeleton subdivided into, and what each consists of?

Back 1

Axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribs) and Appendicular skeleton (limbs, pelvic bones)

Front 2

What do bone markings indicate?

Back 2

1.Where bones form joints with other bones, muscles and tendons.
2.Where ligaments attach
3. Where blood vessels and nerves pass

Front 3

What are two basic bone classes and what are their definitions?

Back 3

1. Compact bone (smooth & homogenous
2. Spongy/cancellous bone (has small trabeculae (bars) & lots of space

Front 4

What are four major groups of bones?

Back 4

Long, short, flat and irregular bones

Front 5

Define flat bone

Back 5

thin, 2 wafer-like layers of compact bone w/ spongy bone in between (ex. skull)

Front 6

Define irregular bone

Back 6

irregular shaped bones (ex. vertebrae)

Front 7

Define long bones

Back 7

longer than they are wide; made mostly of compact bone (ex femur)

Front 8

define short bones

Back 8

cube shaped; mostly spongy bone (ex tarsals/carpals)

Front 9

List the structures of long bones (8)

Back 9

Epiphysis, Periosteum, Articular cartilage, Epiphyseal plate (epiphyseal line), Endosteum, Medullary cavity, Yellow bone marrow, Red bone marrow

Front 10

Define medullary cavity

Back 10

hollow central interior. Contains yellow bone marrow in adults, red bone marrow in infants

Front 11

Define yellow bone marrrow

Back 11

composed of adipose tissue (fat cells)

Front 12

Define red bone marrow

Back 12

consists of immature red and white blood cells and stem cells. Used to produce blood cells.

Front 13

Define epiphysis

Back 13

end of bone (distal & proximal)

Front 14

Define periosteum

Back 14

covers the bone; SHARPEY'S FIBER from this penetrate the bone

Front 15

Define articular cartilage

Back 15

Covers epiphyseal surface instead of periosteum

Front 16

define Epiphyseal plate

Back 16

area of hyaline cartilage where longitudinal growth of bones occur (seen as epiphyseal line in adults)

Front 17

define Endosteum

Back 17

lines the shaft

Front 18

Diaphysis diaphysis

Back 18

just know spelling. smooth part of bone

Front 19

Name 6 structures of compact bone

Back 19

Osteon (Haversian system), Haversian (central canal), Canaliculi/canaliculus, osteocytes,Lacunae, Perforating/ Volkmann's canals

Front 20

Define Osteon (Haversian system)

Back 20

central canal & all concentric lamallae with Haversian/central canal in center

Front 21

Haversian/center canal--define

Back 21

runs along length of bone; carries blood, lymph vessels & nerves

Front 22

Canaliculi/canaliculus

Back 22

tiny canals radiating outward from central canal (single canal = canaliculus)They connect the central canal to small chambers in the lamellae called lacunae

Front 23

define osteocytes

Back 23

mature bone cells found inside lacunae

Front 24

Lacunae- define

Back 24

small chambers that "house" the mature bone cells (oseocytes)

Front 25

Perforating/Volkmann's canals - define

Back 25

canals that run into compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum

Front 26

Name 6 cartilages that are located throughout the skeleton

Back 26

Articular, Costal, Laryngeal, Tracheal & bronchial, Nasal, and intervertebral discs

Front 27

define articular cartilage

Back 27

covers bone ends of movable joints

Front 28

define costal cartilage

Back 28

connecting ribs to sternum

Front 29

Define laryngeal cartilage

Back 29

construct the larynx

Front 30

define tracheal & bronchial cartilage

Back 30

reinforce passageways of respiratory system

Front 31

define Nasal cartilage

Back 31

supports nose

Front 32

Define intervertebral discs

Back 32

cushion bones of spine

Front 33

List and define 3 main types of cartilage

Back 33

1.Hyaline (found in nasal, articular, costal, tracheal/bronchial (air passages)
2.Elastic (found in lung, ear)
3. Fibrocartilage (found in articular (knee), pubic symphysis, intervertebral

Front 34

Define tuberosity

Back 34

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

Front 35

Define crest

Back 35

Narrow ridge of the bone; usually prominent

Front 36

Define trochanter

Back 36

Very large; blunt; irregularly shaped process (only example is on the femur

Front 37

Line

Back 37

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Front 38

Tubercle

Back 38

Small rounded projection or process

Front 39

Epicondyle

Back 39

Raised area on or above a condyle

Front 40

Spine

Back 40

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Front 41

Process

Back 41

Prominence or projection

Front 42

Head

Back 42

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Front 43

Facet

Back 43

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Front 44

Condyle

Back 44

Rounded articular projection

Front 45

Ramus

Back 45

Armlike bar of bone

Front 46

Sinus

Back 46

Space within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Front 47

Meatus

Back 47

Canal-like passageway

Front 48

Fossa

Back 48

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Front 49

Groove

Back 49

Furrow

Front 50

Fissure

Back 50

Narrow, slitlike opening

Front 51

Forearm

Back 51

Round or oval opening through a bone