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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?
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Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Externa Serosa (Adventitia) |
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What are the layers of the mucosa?
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Epithelium
Lamina Propria Muscularis Mucosae |
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In the mucosa, what is the lamina propria made of?
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Loose Areolar Connective tissue
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in the mucosa, what is the muscularis mucosae made of?
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smooth muscle
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in the mucosa (in general), what is the epithelium made of?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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what is the submucosa composed of?
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dense irregular connective tissue
(also is the location of major blood and lymphatic tissues) |
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within the 4 layers of the GI tract, which one houses lymphatic and blood vessels?
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submucosa
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what is the muscularis externa composed of? (layers too)
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Smooth muscle
inner circular muscle layer outer longitudinal muscle layer |
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what is the serosa composed of?
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loose connective tissue covered with a layer of simple squamous epithelium
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the outer layer of the GI tract in the esophagus is called this
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Adventitia
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Nerve cell bodies in the muscularis externa are called
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Myenteric Plexus
(Auerbach's Plexus) |
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Nerve cell bodies in the submucosa are called
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Submucosal Plexus
(Meissner's Plexus) |
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Neurons plus plexuses of the GI tract comprise this
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enteric nervous system
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where is the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus located?
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muscularis externa
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where is the submucosal (Meissner's) plexus located?
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submucosa
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Glands in the submucosa of esophagus are called this
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esophageal glands
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broken into 3rds, explain the esophagus' muscularis externa with skeletal and smooth muscle
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upper 1/3 is all skeletal
middle 1/3 is mix lower 1/2 is smooth |
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what is the adventitia made up of?
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fibrous connective tissue
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in the stomach, the epithelium of the mucosa is made up of:
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Simple columnar epithelial cells
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epithelium of the mucosa extending down into the lamina propria are called
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gatric pits
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gastric pits turn into this
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gastric glands
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the two types of cells in the gastric gland of the stomach
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parietal cells and chief cells
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what do chief cells do?
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produce pepsinogen
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what do parietal cells do?
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produce HCl and intrinsic factor
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what do parietal cells look like?
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Pink, large, Triangular
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what do chief cells look like?
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purple, small, rectangular
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Folds of the stomach made up of submucosa are called
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rugae
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sometimes the stomach has a 3rd layer to the muscularis externa, it is called
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oblique muscle layer (would be inner most layer)
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the majority of digestion and absorption happens here
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small intestine
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what are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
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duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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3 structural adaptations that increase mucosal surface area
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villi
microvilli plicae circulares |
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the outermost layer of the GI tract of the duodenum is called this
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Adventitia
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an extension of the lamina propria of the small intestine is called
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villi
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each villus is covered by a layer of this
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simple columnar epithelial cells
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each villus contains these mucus secreting cells
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goblet cells
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these structures further increase the absorptive surface area of a villus
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microvilli
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the core of each villus has a bed of capillaries and specialized lymphatic vessels called
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lacteal
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what is a lacteal?
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core of villus of small intestine that houses bed of capillaries and specialized lymphatic tissue
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these are structures between adjacent villi
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crypt of lieberkuhn (or intestinal glands)
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type of cell at the base of a crypt of Lieberkuhn
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Paneth cells
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what do paneth cells do?
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secrete lysozyme
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what is lysozyme
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an antibacterial enzyme secreted by paneth cells
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glands in the duodenum located in the submucosa
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brunner's glands
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between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa
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Myenteric (auerbach's) plexus
(part of enteric nervous system) |
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what does the myenteric nerve plexus do?
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control motility and secretion
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what are ganglia?
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collections of nerve cell bodies
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the pancreas is made up of mostly this type of tissue
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acinar
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within the pancreas, these contain endocrine cells that produce the hormones insulin and glucagon
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islets of langerhans
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islets of langerhans produce these hormones
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insulin and glucagon
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the ileum has the absence of these glands that are in the duodenum
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brunner's glands
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these glands are in the submucosa of the ileum
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peyer's patches
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peyer's patches are located where?
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submucosa of ileum
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peyer's patches are
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lymph nodules
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why is there an increased concentration of lymphatic tissue toward the end of the small intestine?
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large intestine contains large numbers of bacteria that must be prevented from entering the bloodstream
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the jejunum lacks these
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peyer's patches and brunner's glands
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the epithelial layer of the mucosa in the colon
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simple columnar epithelium
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the liver slide contains
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lobules
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on the liver slide, in the middle of lobules
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central vein
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the central vein of the liver drains into the
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hepatic vein
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located on each point of a liver lobule
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hepatic triad
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the hepatic triad consists of
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hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein bile duct |
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in the hepatic triad, blood flows from _______________ through ________________ to _______________
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hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
sinusoids central vein |
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bile is produced by __________ in the liver
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hepatocytes
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these extend from the central vein of the liver slide
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hepatocytes
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the way blood flows in the liver slide
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from hepatic triad to central vein
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the way bile flows in the liver slide
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from hepatocytes to bile duct
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the direction blood flows in liver slide
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outside to inside
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the direction bile flows in the liver slide
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inside to outside
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in the pancreas, exocrine products are _________ while endocrine products are _____________
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enzymes
hormones |
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the composition of urine provides information about
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renal, liver, and pancreatic functions
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what are the general characteristics of urine?
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odor
color foam appearance |
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what does a large amount of foam in urine mean?
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proteinuria
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what does yellow foam in urine mean
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bilirubinuria
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what does specific weight of urine show
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solute concentration in solution. weight of substance vs. weight of water
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the normal range of specific gravity of urine
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1.010-1.025
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a low specific gravity occurs in patients with this
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diabetes insipidus
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what is diabetes insipidus
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is somehow lacked/not there
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a high specific gravity could mean this
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dehydration or liver disease
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the normal range of pH of urine
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4.5-8
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under normal conditions does urine contain glucose?
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no, or very very little
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detectable amounts of glucose in urine is called this
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glycosuria
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what is glycosuria?
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detectable amounts of glucose in urine is called this
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major disease of glycosuira
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diabetes mellitus
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what is diabetes mellitus
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pancreas produces too little insulin, body's cells can't absorb glucose, increase in glucose in urine
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is protein normally found in urine?
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trace levels only
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urinary protein concentartion greater than normal is called
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proteinuria
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what is proteinuria
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protein concentration greater than normal in urine
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the presence of biliruben in urine is called
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bilirubinuria
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what is bilirubinuria
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presence of bilirubin in urine
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bacteria in large intestine converts bilirubin into
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urobilongen
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presence of keytone bodies in urine
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ketonuria
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what is keytonuria
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presence of keytone bodies in urine
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the abnormal production of keytone bodies is called
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ketosis
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what is ketosis
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the abnormal production of keytone bodies
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what type of diabetes shows glucose and keytone bodies in urine
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type 1 DM
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what type of diabetes shows glucose only in urine
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type 2 DM
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what diabetes shows ketonuria
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diabetes mellitus
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the presence of an abnormal # of RBC's in urine
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hematuria
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what is hematuria
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abnormal # of RBC's in urine
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bacteria in the urine is called this
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bacteriuria
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what is bacteriuria
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bacteria in the urine
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what test do we use to test for bacteriuria
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nitrite test
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in the nitrite test, bacteria convert this into this
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nitrate to nitrite
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the presence of large #'s of WBC's in urine is called
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pyuria
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what is pyuria
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the presence of large #'s of WBC's
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a deficiency of insulin is called this
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus
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a reduced action of insulin is called this
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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in type 1 DM you see this in urine
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glucose+keytones
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in type 2 DM you see this in urine
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glucose only
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a deficiency of ADH is called this
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neurogenic diabetes insipidus
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a reduced action of ADH is called this
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nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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the factor that determines diabetes insipidus is this
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specific gravity low, lots of dilute urine
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that factor that determines fasting is this
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see keytones in urine
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inflammation of nephrons in the kidney is calle dthis
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glomerulonephritis
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the factor that determines glomerulonephritis
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see protein and RBC's in urine
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disease that results from excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is this
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hyperparathyroidism
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the factor that determines hyperparathyroidism
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high pH
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the factor that determines hepatitus (cirrhosis)
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see bilirubin and urobilinogen in urine
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The factor that determines bile duct obstruction
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see just bilirubin in urine
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what is dialysis
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diffusion of solute through semi-permeable membrane
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what is osmosis
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diffusion of solvent (water) through semi-permeable membrane
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what does vitamin C do to urine pH
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decreases it
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what is the overall function of the urinary system
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to regulate the volume and composition of the extracellular fluid compartment
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what are the structural and functional units of the kidney
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nephrons
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what is retroperitoneal mean?
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being outside of the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity
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being outside of the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is called this
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retroperitoneal
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the ureter leaves the kidney from this
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hilus
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what things enter/leave the hilus of the kidney
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ureter
renal artery renal vein renal nerve |
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blood enters the kidney through this, and leaves through this
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renal artery
renal vein |
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the renal nerve consists of these types of fibers
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sympathetic
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the outer area/inner area of kidney
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cortex
medulla |
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the medullaof the kidney is subdivided into these
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renal pyramids
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outer covering of kidney is called
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renal capsule
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these produce urine in the kidneys
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nephrons
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large cavity in the center of the kidney is called
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renal pelvis
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renal pelvis is divided into
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major and minor calyces
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renal pelvis drains urine into this
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ureter
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what are renal calculi
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kidney stones
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what is the function of the bladder
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to store urine
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the elimination of urine out of the body is done by this
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the urethra
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the opening of the urethra to the exterior is called this
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external urethral orifice
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part of the nephron located in the cortex
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renal corpuscle
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the renal corpuscle consists of these structures
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bowman's capsule and glomerulus
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the glomerulus is served by this, and drained by this
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afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole |
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name the tubular sequence of a nephron
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proximal tubule, descending limb of Henle, ascending limb of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
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capillaries in the cortex of the kidney are called
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peritubular capillaries
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capillaries in the medulla of the kidney are called
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vasa recta
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wall of the renal tubules consists of this epithelium
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simple cuboidal
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epithelium of bowman's capsule is this
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simple squamous
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this structure sits above the kidney
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adrenal gland
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the primary sex organs of the male and female
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testes
ovaries |
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name for sex cells
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gametes
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male gametes (sex cells)
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sperm
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sac of skin that supports and protects testes
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scrotum
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what is the scrotum
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sac of skin that supports and protects testes
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name for when testes fail to descend
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cryptorchidism
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what is cryptorchidism
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when testes fail to descend
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duct that carries sperm away from testes
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spermatic cord
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spermatic cord opens into pelvic cavity through this
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inguinal canal
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what is a hernia
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some part of the abdominal cavity protrudes outside of the cavity
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site for storage and final maturation of sperm
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epididymis
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the epididymis is divided into these 3 parts
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head
body tail |
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this conducts sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
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ductus deferens (vas deferens)
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the spermatic cord is made up of these structures
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ductus deferens
blood vessels lymphatic and nerves that supply the testis cremaster muscle connective tissue sheath |
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this extends from testis to inguinal canal
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spermatic cord
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terminal portion of ductus deferens that joins with ejaculatory duct
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ampulla of ductus deferens
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formed by the joining of the ampulla of ductus deferens to the duct of the seminal vesicle
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ejaculatory duct
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each ejaculatory duct penetrates this and empties into this
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prostate gland
urethra |
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the urethra of a male is divided into 3 regions which are:
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prostatic urethra
membranous urethra penile urethra |
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the first region of the male urethra is called this
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prostatic urethra
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the second region of the male urethra is called
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membranous urethra
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the longest portion of the male urethra, which passes through penis and opens to external urethral orifice is called
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penile urethra
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what is semen composed of
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sperm and accessory gland secretions
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these are located on the posterior wall of the male urinary bladder
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seminal vesicles
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this discharges during ejaculation and contributes 30-40% to the volume of semen
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prostate gland
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glands located just inferior to the prostate gland, their mucus secretion coats lining of urethra to neutralize any acidic urine
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Bulbourethral glands
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external genetalia of male are
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scrotum and penis
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distal enlarged tip of penis
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glans penis
|
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layer of tissue that directly surrounds the urethra of male
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corpus spongiosum
|
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paired layer of erectile tissue in male
|
corpus cavernosa
|
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an ovary is held in place by this
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ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, and mesovarium
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receives an ovulated oocyte and transports the ovum from ovaries to the uterus
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uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
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distal end of the uterine tube is called this
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infundibulum
|
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extends from infundibulum, finger like
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fimbriae
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what is PID
|
pelvic inflammatory disease
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superior region of the uterus is called this
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fundus
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main region of the uterus is called this
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body
|
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inferior part of the uterus that opens up into the vagina
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cervix
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this passes through the cervix
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cervical canal
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hollow portion of the fundus and body of uterus
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uterine canal
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what is the uterine canal
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hollow portion of the fundus and body of uterus
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major layers of the uterine wall
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endometrium
myometrium perimetrium |
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name the structures of the external genitalia of the female (vulva)
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mons pubis
labia majora labia minora vestibule clitoris |
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large folds that cover and protect organ of the vulva in female
|
labia majora
|
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beneath labia majora in female
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labia minora
|
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external openings of the urethra and vagina are called this
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vestibule
|
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glands that lubricate the vestibule area in a female
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vestibular glands
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erectile tissue that is round and anterior to vestibule
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clitoris
|
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female hormones produced by the ovary
|
porgesterone and estrogen
|
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development of the ovum
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oogenesis
|
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development of the male germ cells
|
spermatogenesis
|
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male sex hormone
|
testosterone
|
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testosterone is made by these cells
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Leydig cells
|
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dense fibrous CT layer that surrounds the testes
|
tunica albuginea
|
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invagination of the tunica albuginea in male
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lobules
|
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lobules of the male testis are comprised of these
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seminiferous tubules
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site of sperm production
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seminiferous tubules
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sperm production is called this
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spermatogenesis
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sperm move from seminiferous tubules to this
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rete testis
|
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sperm move from rete testis to this
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epididymis
|
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another name for sperm
|
spermatozoa
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spermatogoina (sperm) produce by this division
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mitosis
|
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cells next in line after spermatogonia
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primary spermatocyte
|
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primary spermatocytes undergo this division
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meiosis
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primary spermatocytes divide into
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secondary spermatocytes
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spermatids are associated with these cells
|
sertoli cells
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transfoamtion of spermatids to sperm is called
|
spermiogenesis
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where does oogenesis take place
|
follicles
|
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4 layers of the ovary
|
germinal epithelium
tunica albuginea cortex medulla |
|
primary oocyte is surrounded by this
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follicular cells
|
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what is the fluid filled space between oocyte and follicular cells
|
antrum
|
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primordial follicles develop into
|
primary follicles
|
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primary follicles develop into
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secondary follicles
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secondary follicles develop into
|
Graafian follicle
|
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follicular cells lining the antrum
|
stratum granulosum
|
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what cells secrete estrogen
|
granulosa cells
|
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endocrine cells of the stratum granulosum
|
granulosa cells
|
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cells of the stratum granulosum that surround the developing ovum form a layer called htis
|
corona radiata
|
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between corona radiata and oocyte
|
zona pellucida
|
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structure that supports the corona radiata and developing ovum
|
cumulus oophorus
|
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2 layered structure outside the stratum granulosum
|
theca
|
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these are converted into estrogens
|
androgens
|
|
secretes androgens
|
theca interna
|
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bloody scar following ovulation of follicle
|
corpus hemorrhagium
|
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structure of follicular antrum filled with luteal cells
|
corpus luteum
|
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non-functional corpus luteum
|
corpus albicans
|
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hormone that stops egg growth
|
progesterone
|