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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the functions of the Skeletal System?
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-Support
-Protection -Movement -Mineral Storag(Calcium) Energy Storage -Blood Cell manufacturing(Hemopoesis) |
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Name the types of bone shapes
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-Long- Length is greater than width
-Short- Length and width are about the same -Flat- Flat surface -Irregular- All others |
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What are sesamoid bones embedded in?
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Tendons
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What is a joint?
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Any place two bones meet
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What are the microscopic structures of bone and cartilage called?
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-Spongy Bone
-Dense or Compact Bone (Calcified) |
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What is found in Spongy Bone?
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Trabeculae
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What is Trabeculae?
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"Threads" of bone that create the spaces in spongy bone
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What makes up Dense/Compact Bone?
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-Osteons or Haversian Systems
-Concentric Lamella -Central Canal -Lacunae -Osteocytes -Canaliculi |
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What are the structural units of Dense/Compact Bones?
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Osteons/Haversian Systems
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What are the "rings" in Dense/Compact Bone?
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Concentric Lomella
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What runs in the middle of a Concentric Lamella?
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Central Canal
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What are the spaces within Lomella called?
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Lacunae
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What are bone cells called?
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Osteocytes
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Where are Osteocytes located?
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Within the lacunae
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What connects the lacunae with one another and with the central canal?
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Canaliculi
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What is the name of the cavity found in the Diaphysis? What does it store? What is the purpose for the stored substance?
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Medullary Cavity. It stores Yellow Bone Marrow (fat). YBM's purpose is to supply energy
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Osteoblasts
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The cells that create new bone cells and material
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Osteoclasts
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The cells that absorb old bone cells and material
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What is the membrane that covers the outside of bones?
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Periosteum
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What is the membrane that lines the Medullary Cavity?
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Endosteum
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What is the area that separates the Epiphysis and the Diaphysis?
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Metaphysis/Epiphyleal Growth Plate
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What are the fluid filled sacs used to protect certain structures in joints?
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Bursae
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What is the fibrous connective tissue covering articulating surfaces of bones?
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Articular Cartilage
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What is a chondrocyte?
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Cartilage cell
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What is the shaft of a long bone called?
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Diaphysis
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What are the pads of cartilage used to protect joints?
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Menisci
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What type of tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed?
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Connective Tissue
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Name the types of joints.
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Synarthrotic
Amphiarthrotic Diarthrotic/Synovial |
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What are the two ends of long bone called and what is manufactured in them?
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Epiphysis
Red Bone Marrow is produced |
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What is the space surrounding a joint called?
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Joint Cavity
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What cells are responsible for the formation and growth of bones?
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Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
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What is the Metaphysis?
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Area that separates the Epiphysis and Diaphysis
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Name the structures of long bone.
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Epiphysis
Diaphysis Metaphysis Medullary Cavity Endostium Periosteum |
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What is the Medullary Cavity?
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The cavity inside of the Diaphysis
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What is the Diaphysis?
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The shaft of long bone
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Name the two layers of articular capsules and where they are found.
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Fibrous layer. Located on the outside of capsule for protection.
Synovial layer. Located inside the capsule. Secretes synovial fluid used for lubrication. |
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Where are the cells that are responsible for bone growth and formation found?
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Osteoblasts- Periosteum
Osteoclasts- Endosteum |
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Name the structures you will find within a Synovial joint?
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Joint Cavity
Articular Capsule Articular Cartilage Ligaments Bursae Menisci |
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What is the tissue surrounding the joint called?
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Articular Capsule
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What is the area between the Spinous Process and the transverse Process?
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Lamina Groove
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What is the Endostium?
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The membrane lining the Medullary Cavity
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Name the types of synovial joints
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Ball & socket
Hinge Pivot Saddle Gliding Condyloid/Lipsoid |
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Which synovial joint allows the most motion? Give example(s) of this joint
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Ball and socket- shoulder, hip
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Which synovial joint allows rotation? Give example.
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Pivot- neck
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Which synovial joint allows only flexion and extesion? Give example(s)
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Hinge- elbow, knee
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Which synovial joint is made up of concave and convex surfaces? Give example(s)
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Saddle- thumb
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Which synovial joint is the least moveable? Give example(s)
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Gliding- Acromioclavicular (joint made with acromion and clavicle)
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Which synovial joint allows ONLY flexion/extension and adduction/abduction? Give example(s)
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Condyloid/lipsoid- Wrist, foot
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What are ways of determining if a skeleton is of a male or female?
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Male skeletons are normally larger
Male pelvis is usually more narrow |
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What is the best way to determine the sex of a skeleton?
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The pelvis. The male pelvis is usually more narrow than the female pelvis. The female pelvis is usually wider for child-birth
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Name some types of fractures
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Complete/incomplete
Open/compound Closed/simple Comminuted Greenstick Hairline Compression Oblique, spiral, transverse |
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Which type of fracture breaks totally through the bone?
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Complete
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Which type of fracture breaks partially through the bone?
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Incomplete
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Which type of fracture does the bone pierce the skin?
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Open/compound
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Which type of fracture does not pierce the skin?
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Closed/simple
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Which type of fracture breaks and shatters the bone?
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Comminuted
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Which type of fracture does the bone bend and partially break?
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Greenstick
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Which type of fracture is a slight, partial break or crack?
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Hairline
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Which type of fracture is caused due to pressure directly on the bone?
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Compression
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Which type of fracture is at an angle not 90 degrees?
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Oblique
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Which type of fracture has a straight break?
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Transverse
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Which type of fracture has multiple breaks at different angles?
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Spiral
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What bone disorder has calcium being pulled from the bones faster than it is produced causing brittle bones?
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Osteoporosis
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What is the most common site for fractures for someone with osteoporosis?
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The hip (pelvis)
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What helps "calcify" bones to make them more dense?
Hint: Not calcium |
Exercise
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Name the types of Postural deviations
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Kyphosis
Lordosis Scoliosis |
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Which postural disorder develops an exaggerated lumbar cuve?
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Lordosis
(Swayback) |
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Which postural disorder develops an exaggerated thoracic curve?
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Kyphosis
(Hunchback/humpback) |
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Which postural disorder develops a lateral curve in the spine?
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Scoliosis
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What are some causes for scoliosis?
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Functional- tight muscles pulling on spine
Structural- natural curving of spine |
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Name some types of joint disorders
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Dislocations
Gout Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Spondylosis Sprains TMJ disorders Bursitis Ganglion cysts Osgood-Sclatter's disease Herniated discs |
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Give an example of a TMJ disorder. What are possible causes?
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Malocclusion (dysfunctional bite)
Caused by bruxism (teeth grinding) and/or loose ligaments in joint |
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What is rheumatoid arthritis?
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Arthritis caused by autoimmune system. Occurs mostly in hands. Bones become distorted
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What is osteoarthritis?
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Inflammation of a joint caused by wear and tear. Articular cartilage starts wearing away
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What causes uric acid?
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Excessive proteins, red meat and alcohol
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How are autoimmune system conditions treated?
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Immunosuppressants
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What is Gout?
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Inflammation of the joints caused by an excess of uric acid
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What is spondylosis?
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Osteoatrhritis of the spine. Spinal canal can narrow putting pressure on nerves. Most common in cervical and lumbar areas.
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What is a partial dislocation called?
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Subluxation
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Which joints does osteoarthritis normally affect?
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Joints that are used more often
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Name some symptoms of a TMJ disorder
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Pain in head, mouth, neck and shoulders.
Clicking sound in joint |
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What are the three degrees of a sprain? Define each.
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1st degree: stretching of ligament in a joint
2nd degree: partial tear in ligament 3rd degree: complete tear of ligament |
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What is a sprain?
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Injury to a joint-ligament unit
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What are the main symptoms of a dislocation?
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Pain and immoveable joint
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What is a dislocation?
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When articulating bones separate
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What is bursitis? How does it affect a joint? Where is the most common area it occurs?
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Inflammation of the bursae
The bursae swells and widens the joint Limits ROM The shoulder is the most common place of occurance |
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What is a ganglion cyst?
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Fluid-filled cyst growing on joint capsule.
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Describe how a herniated disc is created.
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Gel inside of disc oozes out due to pressure of vertabrae pressing down causing the disc to protrude
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What is Osgood-Sclatter disease?
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Irritation and inflamation of quadriceps insertion at the tibial tuberosiry
The bone (tibia) grows faster than the muscles Tibial tuberosity can become more prominent |