A&p Ii Water, Electrolyte, Acid And Bases.

Front 1

T/F. A physiological buffer is a system, namely the digestive system, that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2.

Back 1

False

Front 2

Select the ways in which the kidneys buffer hydrogen ions before they are eliminated via the urine. (Check all that apply).

- bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubular fluid neutralize H+.

-Na2PO4 (dibasis sodium phosphate) reacts with some of the H+, replacing one of the sodium ions in the buffering process.

-Tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia (NH3) where it acts as a base to neutralize acid.

-there is a great deal of chloride in the tubular fluid, so H+ is excreted as hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Back 2

- Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubular fluid neutralize H+

- Na2Po4 (dibasic sodium phosphate) reacts with some of the H+, replacing one of the sodium ions in the buffering process.

-Tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia (NH3) where it acts as a base to neutralize acid.

Front 3

Place the occurances in order to describe the regulation of rehydration beginning with someone who is dehydration.

-sense of thirst

-renin release

-dehydration

-ingestion of water

-moistens mouth and distends stomach

-reduced plasma volume and blood pressure

-angiotensin II stimulation of hypothalamus

-plasma volume elevates

-Angiotensin I conversion to angiotensinII

-angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I

Back 3

-dehydration

-reduced plasma volume and blood pressure

-renin release

-angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I

-angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II

-Angiotensin II simulation of hypothalamus

-sense of thirst

-ingestion of water

-moistens mouth and distends stomach

-plasma volume elevates

Front 4

Indicate whether the given act would create water retention or water loss in the body.

causes water retention.

Back 4

-ADH secretion

-renin release

-hyperkalemia

-dry mouth

-ingestion of water

Front 5

Indicate whether the given act would create water retention or water loss in the body.

causes water loss

Back 5

-exercise in a warm climate

-increased blood pressure

-decreased renal tubular reabsorption of water

-aldosterone hyposecretion

-hyponatremia

Front 6

Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water.

Intake: 200mL

Back 6

metabolic water

Front 7

Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water.

Intake: 700mL

Back 7

food

Front 8

Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water.

Intake: 1600mL

Back 8

drink

Front 9

Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water.

output: 300ml

Back 9

expired air

Front 10

Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water.

output: 400mL

Back 10

cutaneous transpiration

Front 11

Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water.

output: 200mL

Back 11

feces

Front 12

Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water.

output: 100mL

Back 12

sweat

Front 13

Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water.

output: 1500mL

Back 13

urine

Front 14

What items would be found in the ECF?

Back 14

gamma globulins

plasma

CSF

renal filtrate

Front 15

What items would be found in intracellular fluid?

Back 15

-mitochondria

-endoplasmic reticulum

-nuclei

-phagolysosome

Front 16

Identify the most accurate cause or outcome of the situation described on each label.

Results from ADH release

Back 16

-reduction in urine volume

-increased water reabsorption

-increased aquaporin production

-drinking water

Front 17

Identify the most accurate cause or outcome of the situation described on each label.

Stimulates ADH released

Back 17

-Increased blood osmolarity

-reduction in total body water

Front 18

During periods of declining water levels, blood volume decreases causing a decline in blood pressure. This is referred to as __________________.

Back 18

hypotension

Front 19

Low blood pressure causes the kidney to increase the secretion of ________ from the JG cells.

Back 19

renin

Front 20

The activation of __________________ stimulates widespread vasoconstriction, release of ADH from the posterior pituitary as well as the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

Back 20

angiotensin II

Front 21

Aldosterone acts on the ______ of the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of sodium from the tubular fluid.

Back 21

DCT

Front 22

The release of ______ directly stimulates the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption from the tubular filtrate.

Back 22

ADH

Front 23

The net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH, cooperatively are an ____________ in blood pressure resulting largely from increased blood volume

Back 23

increase

Front 24

1. Dehydration can lead to _______ blood osmolality.

2. This state will stimulate _________ osmoreceptors.

3. This stimulation will lead to reduce _________ and the sense of thirst.

4. Through _________ of water a negative feedback system is completed.

Back 24

1. increased

2. hypothalamic

3. salivation

4. ingestion

Front 25

1. Antidiuretic hormone provides a means of controlling water ________.

2. The increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the ______ pituitary to release ADH.

3. ADH will work on the kidneys to ___________ water into the blood stream.

4. A negative feedback system is used until the blood _________ and osmolarity return to normal levels.

Back 25

1. output

2. posterior

3. reabsorb

4. volume

Front 26

Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label indicates a cause or effect of aldosterone secretion.

stimulates release of aldosterone

Back 26

-hypotension

-hyponatremia

-hyperkalemia

-higher concentration of K+ in the ECF

Front 27

Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label indicates a cause or effect of aldosterone secretion.

Result of aldosterone release.

Back 27

-increased production of DCT sodium- potassium ATPase pumps

-increased sodium reabsorption

-increased potassium secretion

-higher urine concentration.

Front 28

Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte.

-It is essential in the depolarization that underlies nerve and muscle function.

-It is the most significant solute in determining TBW

-aldosterone, ADH and ANP help regulate its concentrations

-it is the principle cation of the ECF

-controlling its concentration is tied to its effects on blood pressure.

Back 28

sodium

Front 29

Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte.

-It is the most abundant cation of the ICF

-it is an essential cofactor for protein synthesis and some other metabolic processes.

-it is the greatest determinant of Intracellular osmolarity and cell volume.

Back 29

potassium

Front 30

Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte.

phosphate

Back 30

-it is generated by the hydrolysis of ATP

-it activates many metabolic pathways

-it is important buffer

Front 31

Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte.

Chloride

Back 31

-it is the most abundant anion of the ECF

-It is required for the formation of stomach acid

Front 32

Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte.

calcium

Back 32

-it activates the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.

-it serves as a second messenger for some hormones and neurotransmitters.

-it activates exocytosis of neurotransmitters and other cellular secretions.

-it is an essential factor in blood clotting.

-it is regulated chiefly by parathyroid hormone, calcitrol, and in children, calcitonin.

Front 33

Plasma sodium concentrations above145 mEq/L represent ________________, a condition that rarely occurs due to equal increases in water.

Back 33

hypernatremia

Front 34

The consumption of massive amounts of water in a short time frame can produce ________________ resulting from a dilution of sodium in the ECF.

Back 34

hyponatremia

Front 35

When large qualities of potassium are released from the ICF following massive tissue trauma, ________________ results causing membrane potential to be abnormally less negative due to a reduced concentration gradient.

Back 35

hyperkalemia

Front 36

Due often to excess sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting, __________________ caused the cell membrane to be hyperpolarized due to increased concentration gradients.

Back 36

hypokalemia

Front 37

Hyperthyroidism can result in ________, a condition that reduces the membrane permeability to sodium and thus inhibits membrane depolarization.

Back 37

hypercalcemia

Front 38

Muscular tetanus can occur as a result of _________ brought on by illness or vitamin D deficiency whereby the muscle and nerve are hyperactive.

Back 38

hypocalcemia

Front 39

1. Aldosterone plays a primary in adjustment of ____ excretion.

2. Condition such as hyponatremia, hypotension, and hyperkalamia stimulate the ____________ to secrete aldosterone.

3. This in turn stimulates the renal tubules to increase reabsorption of sodium and secretion of _________________.

4. Both will result in the _______________ of water.

Back 39

1. sodium

2. adrenal cortex

3. potassium

4. reabsorption

Front 40

The order of events that they would occur in after a person breathes in and out deeply and quickly for 30 secs.

Back 40

-CO2 concentrations fall

-carbonic acid levels decrease

-the pH rises

-Peripheral and central chemoreceptors are stimulated.

-the pulmonary ventilation rate is decreased

-CO2 begins to accumulate

-the pH begins to fall

-the pH returned to normal.

Front 41

Front 42

Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label is referring to properties of the respiratory or renal compensation mechanism for acid-base balance.

Respiratory compenstation

Back 42

-marked by hypercapnia

-increased respiratory rate increases the amount of carbon dioxide expired.

-the faster acting compensation mechanism

-useful for acute imbalances due to surprise or emotional strain.

-requires hyperpnea to release acid to the environment.

Front 43

Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label is referring to properties of the respiratory or renal compensation mechanism for acid-base balance.

Renal compensation.

Back 43

-relies on the secretion of H+

-slower to respond to pH imbalances but better at restoring a fully normal pH..

-effective at compensating for pH imbalances that last for a few days or longer.

Front 44

Classify the following statements as compensations made by either the respiratory or renal systems.

renal compensation

Back 44

-it is slower to respond to pH imbalances but better at restoring a fully normal pH.

-it is effective at compensating for pH imbalances that last for a few days or longer

Front 45

Classify the following statements as compensations made by either the respiratory or renal systems.

Respiratory compensation

Back 45

-it is very effective in correcting pH imbalances due to abnormal partial pressure of CO2 but not effective in correcting other causes of acidosis or alkalosis.

-it can adjust a blood pH of 7.0 back to 7.2 or 7.3, but not to 7.4

-it compensates for short-term pH imbalance, such as the acidosis that might result from an asthmatic attack.

-compensation is accomplished by expelling or retaining CO2.

Front 46

1. The condition of acidosis can also cause __________ because the higher H+ concentration diffuses to the ICF, pushing K+ towards the ECF.

2. Two imbalances that related are _________ and hypochloremia because additonal Cl- must be excreted to the kidney tubules to buffer the high concentrations of H+ into tubular fluid.

3. Following hemorrhage, _________ can also cause alkalosis because through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Na+ reabsorption is increased causing a larger excretion of H+ into tubular fluid.

4. Systemic acidosis can cause _________________ due to the high levels of H+ forcing greater binding of ECF calcium to anions.

Back 46

1. hyperkalemia

2. acidosis

3. hypovolemia

4. hypeocalcemia

Front 47

1. The kidneys can permanently remove substances which affect pH balance by secreting them into the _________.

2. Tubule cells can catabolize certain amino acids and releases ___________ as a product.

neutralize3. This product will diffuse into the tubular fluid where it can act as a _____ to neutralize the fluid.

4.It will react with H+ and _______which is passed in the urine.

5. This action works as a ______ to reduce the strong acidity of the fluid.

Back 47

1. urine

2. ammonia

3. base

4. Cl-

5. buffer

Front 48

The greatest percentage of the body's water is in?

Back 48

ICF

Front 49

Hypertension is likely to increase the secretion of_______________.

Back 49

natriuretic peptide

Front 50

__________ increases water reabsorption without increasing sodium reabsorption.

Back 50

ADH

Front 51

hypotonic hydration can result from?

Back 51

ADH hypersecretion

Front 52

Tetanus is most likely to result from

Back 52

hypocalemia

Front 53

The principle determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cellular volume is ________________

Back 53

potassium

Front 54

Increased excretion of ammonium chloride in the urine most likely indicates_________________

Back 54

acidosis

Front 55

The most effective buffer in the ICF is __________________.

Back 55

protein

Front 56

Tubular secretion of hydrogen is directly linked to ___________________.

Back 56

the tubular reabsorption of sodium

Front 57

Hyperchloremia is most likely to result in ______________.

Back 57

acidosis

Front 58

The most abundant cation in the ECF is ______________.

Back 58

Sodium

Front 59

The Two most abundant cations in the ICF are _______________ and _____________.

Back 59

K+ and Mg2

Front 60

Water produced by the body's chemical reactions is called ____________________________________.

Back 60

metabolic water

Front 61

The skin loses water by two processes, sweating and _________________.

Back 61

cutaneous transpiration

Front 62

Any abnormal accumulation of fluid in a particular place in the body is called ____________________

Back 62

fluid sequesteration

Front 63

An excessive concentration of potassium ions in the blood is called ___________________.

Back 63

hyperkalemia

Front 64

A deficiency of sodium ions in the blood is called _____________________.

Back 64

hyponatremia

Front 65

A blood pH of 7.2 caused by inadequate pulmonary ventilation would be classified as _______________________.

Back 65

respiratory acidosis

Front 66

Tubular secretion of H+ ions ceases if the acidity of the tubular fluid falls below a value called the _________________.

Back 66

limiting pH

Front 67

Long-term satiation of thirst depends on a reduction of the ________ of the blood.

Back 67

osmolarity