A&p Ii: Urinary System (Chap 26)

Front 1

What are the 6 functions of the urinary system?

Back 1

Regulation of blood volume and pressure
Regulation of plasma ion conc.
Conservation of Nutrients
Regulation of blood pH
Detox of blood
Urine production

Front 2

How much fluid (L) does the kidney process every 24 hours?

Back 2

180 L

Front 3

Since the kidneys are so efficient, an individual usually doesn't have renal problems until ___% of their kidneys have deteriorated.

Back 3

80%

Front 4

What are the 3 blood organs?

Back 4

Liver
Spleen
Kidneys

Front 5

What elements are involved in the regulation of plasma ion concentration?

Back 5

Sodium
Potassion
Chloride

Tip: SPiC

Front 6

Where are the kidneys located? (ribs)

Back 6

T12 - L3 retroperitoneal portion

Front 7

What surrounds and holds up the kidneys?

Back 7

Perinephric (perirenal) fat and other connective tissue

Front 8

ptosis (nephroptosis)

Back 8

kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up

Front 9

What is the maximum amount of liquid (mL) the urinary bladder can hold?

Back 9

1000 mL (= 1 L)

Others argue that it is 500 mL.

Front 10

Why do women have a higher chance of UTI than men?

Back 10

The female urethra is much shorter, making it so that bacteria has less distance to travel in order to cause an infection.

Front 11

How long is the female urethra?

How long is the male urethra?

Back 11

Female = 3-5 cm (1-2 in.)

Male = 20 cm (7-8 in.)

Front 12

renal sinus

Back 12

a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat

Front 13

hilum

Back 13

dent in an organ for artery and vein to enter

Front 14

At any given time of the day, ___% of your entire blood volume is in your kidneys.

Back 14

25%

Front 15

What are the functional units of the kidney?

Back 15

nephrons

Front 16

What are the 3 processes that occur in the nephron?

Back 16

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

Front 17

filtration

Back 17

material (solutes/H2O) moving into renal corpuscle through a filter; some things get through and some do not

Front 18

reabsorption

Back 18

material moving from a tubule (filtrate) to the peritubular capillary (blood)

Front 19

secretion

Back 19

material moving from outside a tubule to inside a tubule (in order to be secreted out as urine)

Front 20

What is the only place filtration occurs in the nephron?

Back 20

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule)

Front 21

What process(es) occurs in the PCT?

Back 21

Reabsorption and some secretion

Front 22

What process(es) occurs in the Loop of Henle?

Back 22

Reabsorption

Front 23

What process(es) occurs in the DCT/CD?

Back 23

Reabsorption and some secretion (variable)

Front 24

Why are the DCT and CD considered the same?

Back 24

Because they perform the same function

Front 25

About how many nephrons do you have in both kidneys?

Back 25

2.5 million nephrons

Front 26

cortical nephron

Back 26

nephron located in the cortex of the kidney

Front 27

juxtamedullary nephron

Back 27

nephron that has parts of it go down into the medulla of the kidney

Front 28

What % of nephrons are...
cortical?
juxtamedullary?

Back 28

cortical = 85%
juxtamedullary = 15%

Front 29

fenestra

Back 29

small opening, sometimes covered with a membrane

Front 30

vasa recta

Back 30

pertitubular capillary that goes straight down along with nephron loop; aids in equalizing concentration between limbs

Front 31

What are the 2 parts that make up the filtration membrane?

Back 31

Podoctyes and filtration slits

Front 32

Podocytes are cells of what structure?

Back 32

Bowman's capsule, even though they can be found in the glomerulus capillary

Front 33

podocytes

Back 33

"foot cells"; feet are called pedicels; part of the filtration membrane

Front 34

filtration slits

Back 34

spaces between podocytes on the glomerulus capillary

Front 35

What is the BP in the glomerulus capillary?

Is this high or low for a capillary?

Back 35

50 mm Hg

This is a high number for a capillary.

Front 36

What is the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus capillary?

Back 36

10 mm Hg

Front 37

What are the opposing forces in the glomerulus capillary that affect pressure?

Back 37

50 mm Hg of BP

vs.

15 mm Hg of fluid pressure
25 mm Hg of osmotic pressure

Front 38

Why does caffeine increase urination?

Back 38

Caffeine increases BP
Which increases net filtration pressure

More filtration = More urination

Front 39

What the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Back 39

125 mL/min

Front 40

filtrate

Back 40

anything that passes through a filter; in the nephron, it is essentially blood plasma w/ some chemical differences

Front 41

___ follows ____, when it can.

Back 41

H2O follows Na+, when it can.

Front 42

leak channel

Back 42

ion channel open all of the time

Front 43

countertransport

Back 43

exchange pump via a cell membrane protein, i.e. Na+/K+ pump

Front 44

cotransport

Back 44

when one product gets transported as a byproduct of another; "hitching a ride"

Front 45

What process does Na+ reabsorption results from?

What process allows H2O to follow Na+?

Back 45

Active transport pump

H2O follows by simple diffusion.

Front 46

How are glucose, amino acids, and other organics reabsorbed?

Back 46

Cotransport with Na+ and THEN facilitated diffusion into peritubular capillary

Front 47

countercurrent

Back 47

exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions

Front 48

How do HCO3- and Cl- move through the PCT?

Back 48

They follow Na+ (through diffusion) by the force of electrical gradient

Note: HCO3- and Cl- are negative and Na+ are positive.

Front 49

How much of HCO3- gets reabsorbed in the PCT?

Back 49

90%

Front 50

How much of Cl- gets reabsorbed in the PCT?

Back 50

50%

Front 51

By the end of the PCT,
___% of Na+ is reabsorbed and
___% of H2O is reabsorbed.

Back 51

65% of Na+ is reabsorbed and
65% of H2O is reabsorbed.

Front 52

Describe the widths of the limbs of the loop of Henle.

Back 52

Descending limb = Thin

Ascending limb = Thick

Front 53

permeable

Back 53

allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through

Front 54

Identify what is permeable and not permeable in the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Back 54

Permeable to H2O
Not permeable to Na+

Front 55

Identify what is permeable and not permeable in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Back 55

Not permeable to H2O
Active transport (pumps out) Na+ and Cl-

Front 56

Concentration in the loop of Henle gets super ____, until solutes _____ while in the __________.

Back 56

Concentration in the loop of Henle gets super HIGH, until solutes LEAVE while in the ASCENDING LIMB.

Front 57

Which limb of the loop of Henle makes tissue around it hypertonic (more concentrated)?

Back 57

Ascending limb because Na+ and Cl- get transported out of it

Front 58

What are the only kind of nephrons urea are permeable to?

Back 58

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 59

What 2 structures on the juxtamedullary nephron are urea permeable to?

Back 59

Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Papillary duct

Front 60

papillary duct

Back 60

portion of the collecting duct that is all the way down by the renal papilla in juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 61

Before filtrate enters the DCT/CD, approximately ___% of H2O and Na+ have been reabsorbed. Only ___% is left in the filtrate.

Back 61

90% has been reabsorbed.

Only 10% is left in the filtrate.

Front 62

In what part of the nephron does the "fine tuning" happen?

Back 62

DCT/CD

Front 63

Identify the 5 substances secreted by the PCT.

Back 63

H+
NH4-
Creatinine
Some drugs
Some toxic chemicals (by countertransport with Na+)

Front 64

Identify the 6 substances secreted by the DCT/CD.

Back 64

H+
NH4-
Creatinine
Some drugs
Some toxic chemicals (by countertransport with Na+)

Occasionally K+

Front 65

What is secreted by the loop of Henle?

Back 65

Nothing

Front 66

Identify the 4 nitrogenous wastes often found in urine.

Back 66

Ammonium (NH4-)
Urea (CO(NH2)2)
Uric Acid (C5H4N4O3)
Creatinine (C3H3N3O)

Front 67

The bladder is located behind the ______ _______ in both sexes.

Back 67

pubic symphysis

Front 68

What kind of epithelia does the bladder have?

Back 68

Transitional epithelia

Front 69

Similar to the stomach, what characteristic does the bladder have that allows it to expand?

Back 69

Rugae

Front 70

How many liter(s) can the bladder hold at once?

Back 70

1 liter

Front 71

detrusor muscle

Back 71

smooth muscle of the urinary bladder made up of 2 longitudinal outer layers with a circular layer inbetween

Front 72

What action occurs when the detrusor muscle contracts?

Back 72

The bladder is compressed and urine is pushed into urethra

Front 73

What are the 2 muscles of the urethra and what are their functions?

Which one is under voluntary control?

Which one is skeletal muscle?

Back 73

Internal urethral sphincter

External urethral sphincter (under voluntary control; in genital area; skeletal muscle)

Front 74

micturition

Back 74

the process of disposing of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra

Front 75

What triggers the micturition reflex?

Back 75

200 mL of urine

Front 76

What are the 5 steps to the micturition reflex?

Back 76

1. Stretch receptors triggered
2. Afferent/efferent communication with CNS
3. Detrusor muscle contracts
4. Internal sphincter relaxes
5. External sphincter relaxes

Front 77

Why does alcohol cause one to urinate?

Back 77

Alcohol inhibits ADH

Nephrons become less permeable to water

Travels passes on through to the ureters and then the bladder

Front 78

hemodialysis

Back 78

dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream; used in the case of kidney failure

Front 79

nephritis

Back 79

an inflammation of the kidney

Front 80

renal calculi (kidney stones)

Back 80

solid mass of tiny crystals when that forms when urine contains too much of certain substances

Front 81

glomerular nephritis

Back 81

inflammation/damage of the glomeruli

Front 82

renal failure

Back 82

inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance;

decline in kidney function over time

Front 83

diuretics

Back 83

any substance (drug) that increase the flow of urine, thus ridding the body of extra water

Front 84

incontinence

Back 84

involuntary urination or defecation

Front 85

Glucose in urine is indicative of what...

Back 85

Diabetes

Front 86

Ketones in urine is indicative of what...

Back 86

Not enough carbohydrates in the diet.

Front 87

Bilrubin in urine is indicative of what...

Back 87

Liver disease

Front 88

Too many WBCs in the urine is indicative of what...

Back 88

UTI or other infection in the bladder or kidney.

Front 89

What is the normal range of urine pH?

Back 89

4-8

Front 90

Where do we get urea from?

Back 90

Deanimation of amino acids in liver

Front 91

NH4-

Back 91

ammonium

Front 92

uric acid

Back 92

a white tasteless odorless crystalline product of protein metabolism; found in the blood and urine

Front 93

NH3

Back 93

ammonia

Note: This is different from ammonium (NH4-)

Front 94

What happens to the blood after it exits the efferent arteriole?

Back 94

It goes to peritubular capillaries to reabsorb items that will be coming out of tubules.

Front 95

What effect does Angiotensin II have on the pressure in the afferent arteriole?

Back 95

NONE!

It only constricts the efferent arteriole.

Front 96

What effect does Angiotensin II have on the pressure in the efferent arteriole?

Back 96

Constriction in order to increase BP

Front 97

glucocortoid

Back 97

any of a group of steroid hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties