A&p Ii: Reproductive System (Chap 28) Pt. 2

Front 1

What happens to a female's oocytes right before birth?

Back 1

Oocytes freeze at prophase I and will continue to develop at the start of puberty

Front 2

What hormone is released during puberty that causes oocytes to restart?

Back 2

FSH

Front 3

polar body

Back 3

hunk of membrane surrounding chromosomes

Front 4

ovulation

Back 4

release of oocyte from ovary to the fallopian tube

Front 5

When does an oocyte become completely mature?

Back 5

When it is fertilized by a sperm cell

Front 6

When does the oocyte finish creating the secondary polar body?

Back 6

When/If fertilization occurs

Front 7

ova (ovum)

Back 7

mature female gamete

Front 8

The number of ova a female has ever had is equal to...

Back 8

the number of times she has been pregnant.

Front 9

What 2 structures are responsible for the production of estrogen?

Back 9

Both thecal and granular cells are required to make estrogen

Front 10

What is synthetic estrogen made from?

Back 10

Androstene

Front 11

How does synthetic estrogen, made from androstene, work?

Back 11

The body converts androstene into estrogen via the thecal/granular cell combo

Front 12

What happens to unused/useless follicles in the ovaries?

Back 12

Macrophages come in and destroy them to be reused

Front 13

What layer in the oocyte lies between the oocyte villi and the granular villi?

Back 13

Zona pellucida

Front 14

Describe the zona pellucida

Back 14

See-through layer of glycoproteins

Front 15

What does LH target when it reaches the ovaries?

Back 15

Graafian follicle

Front 16

graafian follicle

Back 16

a nearly mature follicle in the ovary

Front 17

After the secondary oocyte is released, what is left in the ovary?

Back 17

Corpus luteum

Front 18

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

Back 18

Release progesterone

Front 19

What is the function of estrogen?

Back 19

Build up endometrium in the uterus

Front 20

What is the function of progesterone?

Back 20

Maintain endometrium in the uterus

Front 21

What occurs when progesterone levels are too low?

Back 21

Endometrium can no longer be maintained and has to be shed through menstruation

Front 22

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

Back 22

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

Front 23

Describe the structure of the myometrium.

Back 23

Many layers of smooth muscle that contract during labor

Front 24

What hormone is the myometrium extremely sensitive to?

Back 24

Oxytocin

Front 25

How thick is the endometrium before menstruation?

How thick is the endometrium after menstruation?

Back 25

Before 5.0 mm

After 0.5 mm

(10x difference)

Front 26

How is the fallopian tube attached to the ovary?

Back 26

There is no physical connection between the ovary and the fallopian tube.

Front 27

Identify the function of fimbraie.

Back 27

Massages ovary to get secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube

Front 28

Identify where the vagina begins and ends.

Back 28

Begins at the end of the cervix (of the uterus)

Ends at the vestibular glands

Front 29

If your period started today, when did you ovulate?

Back 29

14 days ago

Front 30

What happens to body temp. during ovulation?

Back 30

Body temp. rises

Front 31

What are the 2 erectile tissues located in both men and women?

How many tissues are located in each sex?

Back 31

Corpus cavernosa
Female (1)
Male (2)

Corpus spongiosa
Female (2)
Male (1)

Front 32

When do estrogen levels peak?

Back 32

Right before ovulation

Front 33

What is the response of the hypothalamus when estrogen levels peak?

Back 33

Tells ovaries to release an egg

Front 34

What structure represents the corpus cavernosum in a male? in a female?

Back 34

Male - penis (superior portion)

Female - clitoris

Front 35

What structure represents the corpus spongiosum in a male? in a female?

Back 35

Male - penis (inferior portion)

Female - vestibular bulbs, located at the entrance of vagina

Front 36

What does the corpus luteum become if fertilization does not occur?

Back 36

Corpus albicans

Front 37

What is the treatment for a women with good follicular development, but no ovulation is occurring?

Back 37

LH is given

Tip: "Let go" hormone

Front 38

What is the treatment for a women whose follicles are not developing?

Back 38

FSH is given

Note: Follicle stimulating hormone

Front 39

What is the function of vestibular glands?

Back 39

Produce sexual lubricant

Front 40

Identify the structure of the vestibular glands.

Back 40

Greater and minor vestibular gland;

Thick near the uterus, but thins toward the vaginal entrance;

Made of corpus spongiosum tissue

Front 41

How deep is the vagina in the relaxed phase?

Back 41

3.5-4 inches

Front 42

What allows the vagina to get longer and wider with arousal?

Back 42

Uterine movement/tenting

Front 43

g-spot

Back 43

cluster of sensory neurons in the vaginal wall

Front 44

Is an orgasm physical?

Back 44

No

Front 45

What kind of reflex is an orgasm?

Back 45

Sympathetic reflex

Note: Same as ejaculation, also sympathetic

Front 46

What occurs in the genitalia during an orgasm?

Back 46

Involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the pelvic muscles

Front 47

Where does fluid from a female ejaculation come from?

Back 47

Vestibular glands

Front 48

fertilization window

Back 48

time period in the normal menstrual cycle during which fertilization is most likely to occur;

typically 4 days
-3 days before
-1 day after

Front 49

Explain why the fertilization window is 4 days.

Back 49

Sperm cells remain in the female reproductive tract for 3 days.

Secondary oocyte will be viable for about 24 hours after ovulation.

Front 50

Identify 4 problems that could hinder sperm movement.

Back 50

Misshapen
Cannot swim
Can't make it into uterus
Go the wrong fallopian tube

Front 51

corona radiata

Back 51

granular cells that are still attached to the secondary oocyte; used for protection

Front 52

Why isn't the first sperm cell likely to fertilize/penetrate the secondary oocyte?

Back 52

It takes many cells to break down corona radiata and zone pellucida

Front 53

When does fertilization occur?

Back 53

When sperm gets its nucleus into the secondary oocyte

Front 54

What occurs immediately after the sperm's nucleus penetrates the oocyte?

Back 54

Oocyte cell depolarizes and deflects all surrounding sperm

Front 55

fast block of polyspermy

Back 55

depolarization of the oocyte cell membrane in order to the entrance of another sperm cell

Front 56

What occurs during the slow block of polyspermy?

Back 56

Zona pellucida swells, hardens, and then comes off of oocyte, along with corona radiata and lingering sperm cells

(AKA cortical reaction)

Front 57

Identify the 2 polar bodies.

Back 57

1st polar body comes early in the fertilization process; body disposes of it b/c it only contains nucleus

2nd polar body only comes at the end of meiosis II, right after fertilization

Front 58

polyspermy

Back 58

fertilization by more than one sperm cell

Front 59

zygote

Back 59

fertilized cell with 46 chromosomes

Front 60

embryo

Back 60

fertilized cell made up of 2 or more cells

Front 61

fetus

Back 61

when embryo becomes recognizable to what species it is; usually occurs at 8 weeks

Front 62

gestation

Back 62

time spent in prenatal development

Front 63

morula

Back 63

solid ball of cells (day 3-4)

Front 64

blastula

Back 64

hollow ball of cells (day 6)

Front 65

blastocoele

Back 65

hollow cavity inside blastula

Front 66

implantation

Back 66

fertilized cell burrows in the endometrium at about 7-10 days

Front 67

What prevents progesterone levels from decreasing after an egg has been implanted?

Back 67

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), a hormone that keeps corpus luteum alive

Front 68

Where does hCG come from?

Back 68

Made by embryo for about 3-4 months

Front 69

What structure produces hCG after the embryo stops?

Back 69

Placenta is producing progesterone, alone with estrogen

Front 70

placenta

Back 70

combo of maternal and embryonic tissues that is used for gas/nutrient/waste exchange (via vessels) between mother and fetus

Front 71

What happens to the blood vessels in the placenta after birth?

Back 71

They rupture.

Front 72

What makes myometrium more sensitive during pregnancy?

Back 72

Gradually rising levels of estrogen

Front 73

Excessive amounts of uterine stretchign will trigger the release of _______.

Back 73

oxytocin

Front 74

chorion

Back 74

protective and nutritive membrane that attaches fetus to the uterus

Front 75

amnion

Back 75

thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo

Front 76

ectoderm

Back 76

outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue

Front 77

mesoderm

Back 77

middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue

Front 78

endoderm

Back 78

inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

Front 79

cell differentiation

Back 79

the process by which a less specialized cell (immature) becomes a more specialized cell type (mature)

Front 80

parturition

Back 80

the forcible expulsion of the fetus

Front 81

Identify and describe the 3 stages of parturition.

Back 81

Dilation - true labor, cervix opens

Expulsion - delivery

Placental - ejection of placenta

Front 82

menopause

Back 82

the final menstruation of a female

Front 83

menarche

Back 83

the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman