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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe how to calculate the Heart Rate (BPM)
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(60sec / 1min) x (1 heart beat / avg. beat period)
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P wave is produced when?
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Atrial depolarization
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What follows after P wave?
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Atrial contraction or systole
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QRS wave is produced when?
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Atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization
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What follows after QRS wave?
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Ventricular systole or contraction
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T wave is produced when?
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ventricular repolarization
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What follows after T wave?
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Ventricular diastole/relaxation
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When diaphragm is pushed up, how does internall volume of the bell jar change?
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Internal volume decrease.
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When diaphragm is pulled down, how does internall volume of the bell jar change?
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Internal volume increase.
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When diaphragm is pushed up, how does internal pressure change?
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Internal pressure increase.
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When diaphragm is pushed up, how do the size of the balloons change?
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The size of balloons decrease.
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When diaphragm is pulled down, how do the size of the balloons change?
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The size of balloons increase.
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When diaphragm is pushed up, what is the direction of air flow?
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Out of lungs
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When diaphragm is pulled down, what is the direction of air flow?
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Into lungs
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Under what internal condition does air flow into the lungs?
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Internal pressure is lower & internal volume is bigger.
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Under what internal condition does air flow out of the lungs? Why?
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Internal pressure rises to a point higher than atmospheric pressure & internal volume lowers. Air flows from high pressure to low pressure. (pressure gradient)
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Define the Boyle's Law.
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At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.
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As air flows in and out of the respiratory tree, it produces what?
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Bronchial sound and vesicular sound
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Define the bronchial sound.
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Produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi)
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Define the vesicular sound.
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Results from air filling the alveolar sacs and resembles the sound of a rusting or muffled breeze.
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Define TV.
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Tidal volume which is amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions.
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What is the normal quiet breathing volume?
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500ml
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Define IRV.
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Inspiration reserve volume; amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation.
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What is the average IRV?
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1900ml (female) - 3100ml (male)
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Define ERV.
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Expiration reserve volume; amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation.
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What is the average ERV?
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700ml (female) - 1200ml (male)
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Define VC.
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Vital capacity; maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration.
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What is the average VC?
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3100ml (female) - 4800ml (male)
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How to calculate VC?
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VC = TV + IRV + ERV
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Define RV.
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Residual volume; amount of air remaining in lungs after a forced exhalation.
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What is the average RV?
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1100ml (female) - 1200ml (male)
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Define the total lung capacity.
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Vital capacity + residual volume
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Define the Respiratory Rate.
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Breaths per minute
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How to calculate the respiratory rate?
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(60sec / 1min) x (1 breath / avg. breath period)
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Define MRV.
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Minute Respiratory Volume; indicates the volume of air passing in an out of the resting subject's lungs each minute.
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Define MRV and describe How to calculate MRV.
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MRV indicates the volume of air passing in and out of the resting subject's lungs each minute.
MRV = TV x Respiratory Rate |
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Why is RV important even though it cannot be experimentally demonstrated?
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The presence residual air allows gas exchange to occur continuously even between breaths.
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How to calculate RV?
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RV = VC x Factor
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What is the RV Factor for ages 16-34, 35-49, 50-69 years old?
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16-34 - 0.250
35-49 - 0.305 50-69 - 0.445 |
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Describe the functions of incisors of adult tooth.
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Exert a shearing/cutting action used in biting.
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Describe the functions of canines of adult tooth.
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Tearing of food
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Describe the functions of molars of adult tooth.
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Specialized for the fine grinding of food.
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Under what condition does Lugol's IKI test change in color? What color is it?
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- Blue-black color indicates the presence of starch -> positive
- Not turn blue means no starch -> negative |
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Under what condition does Benedict's solution change in color? What color is it?
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- Green to orange precipitate forming indicates the presence of maltose -> positive sugar test
- Blue color indicates no maltose -> negative |
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Describe the chemical reaction using starch
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Starch + water (aid of amylase) -> maltose
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In an experiment using lipase, what detects the change?
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Litmus cream which turns from blue to pink if the solution is acidic.
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Explain the positive results of the experiment using litmus cream & lipase.
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Since fats are digested to fatty acids by lipase during hydrolysis, they lower the pH of the sample.
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Describe the digestion of fats and oils.
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1. Fats and oils are emulsified, which physical breakdown of larger particles into smaller ones, under bile into minute fat/oil droplets.
2. Fat/oil droplets are digested under lipase into monoglycerides and fatty acids. |
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Describe the deglutition.
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Skeletal muscle activity, occurs in two phases: buccal (mouth voluntarily) and pharyngeal-esophageal.
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Describe the initial phase of deglutition.
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Tongue voluntarily pushes food bolus posteriorly and against soft palate. Soft palate rises to close off the nasal passage as the bolus enters the pharynx where the involuntary phase of swallowing begin.
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Describe the second phase of deglutition.
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Larynx rises so that the epiglottis covers its opening, preventing food from entering lower respiratory passages. Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter allows food to enter the esophagus.
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Which urine is more diluted? A has the specific gravity of 1.001 vs. B has the specific gravity of 1.005
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A is more diluted.
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Urinalysis shows that "urobilinogen= trace." What does it mean?
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It is normal. Complete absence of urobilinogen may indicate renal disease or obstruction of bile flow in the liver.
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500mg/ dcl glucose on dipstix in urinalysis indicates what?
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The presence of glucose in urine is called glycosuria, which indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels. Nomally, blood sugar levels have to be maintained between 80 and 100 mg/dcl of blood.
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Urinalysis shows that "tracealbumin/protein= + (30mg/dcl)" What does it mean?
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The presence of albumin in urine is abnormal. It is too large to pass through glomerular filtration membrane. It indicates abnormality of increased permeability of the glomerular membrane.
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Urinalysis shows that "ketone bodies = positive." What does it mean?
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It indicates abnormal metabolic processes are occurring. It is expected diets which are very low in carbs when inadequate food intake forces the body to use its fat stores. Generally, diagnosed as diabetes mellitus.
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How does the presence of ketone bodies in urine affect pH of urine?
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pH is more acidic because ketones are carboxylic acids.
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pH 8.5 in urine indicates what?
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Bacterial infection of the urinary tract may result in urine with a high pH.
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Name the functional layer of uterus.
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Endometrium
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Name the basal layer of uterus.
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Myometrium
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Name three ovarian cycle.
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Follicular phase -> Ovulation -> Luteal phase
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Name three uterine cycle.
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1-5 days: Menstrual phase (1-5 days)
6-14 days: Proliferative phase 15-28days: Secretory phase |
