Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Ischemia |
Weakened Oxygen supply
|
|
|
Angina Pectoris
|
Pain in chest due to low oxygen supply to heart muscle
|
|
|
Myocardial infarction
|
Death of heart tissue (irreversible, and will be replaced with non-functioning connective tissue).
|
|
|
What does cardiac muscle require to function?
|
Oxygen
|
|
|
What are some heart problems that could result from low oxygen supply?
|
Myocardial infarction, angina pectoris
|
|
|
Anastomosis
|
Arteries are connected with each other to provide alternate routes in cases of blockage.
|
|
|
Where does heart receive its oxygen from? What is it used for?
|
Coronary arteries/ To break down glucose to get ATP--needed for pumping of blood.
|
|
|
From what structure do the left and right coronary arteries branch?
|
The Ascending Aorta
|
|
|
What part of the heart does right coronary supply? Left coronary?
|
Right ventricle and atrium/ Left ventricle and atrium.
|
|
|
Where does the marginal artery branch from?
|
Right coronary--to right ventricle.
|
|
|
Where do the circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries branch from?
|
Left coronary artery and supply left atrium and both ventricles, respectively.
|
|
|
Heart murmur
|
Abnormal sounds in heart beat, sometimes caused by problems with function of heart valves.
|
|
|
Why is heart considered "double pump?"
|
Because both sides of heart pump approx. same amount of blood at same time, almost simultaneously.
|
|
|
Which side of heart is responsible for pulmonary circulation?
|
Right side of heart.
|
|
|
The left side of heart is responsible for ________ circulation.
|
Systemic circulation.
|
|
|
Artery /Vein
|
Structure that carries blood away from heart/ Carries blood towards heart.
|
|
|
Which structure usually carries oxygenated blood from heart?
|
Artery.
|
|
|
Which type of vessel generally carries deoxygenated blood? Where does it carry the blood?
|
Vein/ Towards the heart to become oxygenated.
|
|
|
Which three veins bring blood to the right atrium?
|
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
|
|
|
From the right ventricle, blood flows where?
|
Pumped to the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary semilunar valve and then to the lungs to be oxygenated.
|
|
|
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the _____.
|
Pulmonary veins (no valve).
|
|
|
What type of tissue do AV valves contain?
|
Fibrous dense irregular connective tissue covered by endocardium.
|
|
|
What type of epithelium makes up endocardium?
|
Simple squamous.
|
|
|
Endocarditis
|
Inflammation of endocardium--affects lining of heart and heart valves (affects ability to open and close properly.)
|
|
|
Functions of intercalated discs
|
They hold single cardiac muscle cells together and allow them to function as a unit (synchronized contraction of heart).
|
|
|
Myocarditis
|
Inflammation of the myocardium--affects ability of heart to pump blood effectively.
|
|
|
APEX of heart
|
Lowest superficial part--bottom "tip" of heart that rests on diaphragm.
|
|
|
What primarily makes up left border of heart?
|
Left ventricle.
|
|
|
What primarily makes up right border of heart?
|
Right atrium
|
|
|
Fibrous pericardium
|
Dense connective tissue, anchors heart to diaphragm and large blood vessels.
|
|
|
Parietal pericardium
|
Serous membrane (simple squamous, secretes fluid and connective tissue), attached to fibrous pericardium.
|
|
|
Pericardial cavity
|
Located b/t visceral and parietal pericardium, contains fluid to reduce friction.
|
|
|
Visceral pericardium
|
Epicardium--attached directly to surface of heart and myocardium underneath.
|
|
|
Pericarditis
|
Inflammation of pericardium around heart--affects ability of heart to contract and expand.
|
|
|
Cardiac tamponade
|
Compression of heart caused by blood/fluid build up in space between myo- and pericardium--affects ability to contract and expand effectively b/c of fluid build-up.
|
|
|
Direction of blood flow in heart:
|
Blood flows into right atrium via coronary sinus, superior/inferior vena cava--> Right ventricle via tricuspid valve/AV valve--> Pulmonary artery via pulmonary semilunar valve--> Lungs to be oxygenated via pulmonary artery
Returns to left atrium via pulmonary veins--> Left ventricle via bicuspid/ AV valve--> Aorta via aortic semilunar valve--> From Aorta to systemic circulation (rest of body) |
|
|
Fossa ovalis
|
Indentation in atria septum--remnant of what used to be hole in foramen ovale in fetal life.
|
|
|
Which pumps stronger, atria or ventricles?
|
Ventricles--atria serve as entryway into ventricles.
|
|
|
Why do ventricles have thicker myocardium than atria?
|
Ventricles are contracting to send blood to arteries that will take blood either to lungs or rest of body.
|
|
|
Aortic semilunar valve opens when pressure in _____ is greater than ______.
|
Left ventricle/ Aorta.
|
|
|
When ventricles contract, will semilunar valves be open or shut?
|
Open, to allow blood through to next structures in pathway (Aorta/ pulmonary artery).
|
|
|
Interventricular septum
|
Separates right from left ventricle.
|
|
|
What causes AV valves to open and close?
|
Open and close passively due to pressure differences.
|
|
|
Auscultation
|
listening to heart or lungs w/ stethoscope.
|
|
|
When ventricles contract, are AV valves open or closed?
|
Closed.
|
|
|
How much of blood flows passively from atria to ventricles?
|
About 70%
|
|
|
Chordae Tendineae
|
Attach valves to papillary muscles (heart strings) and prevent them from inverting backwards into atria.
|
|
|
SA node (sino-atrial node)
|
Called pace maker--located in right atrial wall and produces action potentials at rate of 75X per min
|
|
|
Approx. pressure in pulmonary arteries:
|
22mmHg
|
|
|
What is the first "lubb" sound in the "lubb" "dubb" of the heart beat? Second "dubb" sound?
|
Associated with the closing of the AV valves.
Heard at beginning of ventricular filling when semilunar valves close. |
|
|
Influences that act on the SA node:
|
Autonomic nervous system, Thyroid hormone, Adrenaline.
|
|
|
What structure will send out action potential if SA node is damaged? At what rate does it depolarize?
|
AV node/ 50-60X/min
|
|
|
Conduction system of heart:
|
SA node --> AV node --> Bundle of HIS--> Bundle branches--> Purkinje fibers
|
|
|
Three phases of Diastole:
|
Passive filling, Active filling, Isovolumetric fillin
|
|
|
Two phases of Systole:
|
Isovolumetric contraction
Ejection phase |
|
|
P-wave
|
Atrial Depolarization (NA+ rushing into cells)
|
|
|
QRS wave
|
Ventricular depolarization (Atrial repolarization).
|
|
|
T-wave
|
Repolarization of ventricles
|
|
|
Importance of ST segment on EKG reading
|
When ventricular contraction occurs.
|
|
|
Are atrial contraction and depolarization the same thing?
|
No, depolarization occurs during p wave, contraction occurs right after p-wave.
|
|
|
Systole
|
Contraction of ventricles
|
|
|
Diastole
|
Relaxation of ventricles.
|
|
|
When does atrial systole occur?
|
During ventricular Diastole
|
|
|
Ejection
|
Semilunar valves open as blood is pumped out of ventricles.
|
|
|
Basic steps of Cardiac cycle:
|
Last 1/2 of Diastole (atrial systole)
Systole (Isovolumetric contraction/ejection) Beginning 2/3 Diastole (Isovolumetric relaxation, passive filling) |
|
|
Stroke Volume
|
Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one beat
|
|
|
What factors influence EDV?
|
Length of diastole
Venous return |
|
|
EDV/ESV
|
Amount of volume in heart at the end of diastole
Amount of volume in heart after stroke volume pumped. |
|
|
Formula for cardiac output:
|
CO=SV x Heart rate
|
|
|
How can cardiac output be increased?
|
Increasing stroke volume/heart rate.
|
|
|
Frank starling law:
|
Greater the EDV, the greater the stroke volume
|
|
|
Increasing Venous return ________ EDV.
|
Increases.
|
|
|
How does Sympathetic nervous system affect stroke volume? Calcium?
|
Increases it/ Increases force of contraction.
|
|
|
Formula for ejection fraction:
|
SV/EDVx100 (normal range should be over 55%.
|
|
|
Hypovolemic shock
|
Severe (1/5 or more of blood volume) blood/fluid loss in the body, not enough blood for body to pump to organs.
|
|
|
Neurogenic shock
|
Can result in lowered blood pressure due to severe central nervous system/ brain damage.
|
|
|
Septic shock
|
Caused by bacterial infection
|
|
|
Obstructive shock
|
Results from pulmonary embolism (moving clot ends up in lungs)
|
|
|
Anaphylactic shock
|
Systemic vasolidation of blood vessels, result in lowered blood pressure.
|
|
|
Cardiogenic shock
|
Caused by heart infection
|
|
|
Blood flow in is always from _____ to _____ pressure.
|
Higher/Lower
|
|
|
Direction of flow of blood in vessels:
|
Arteries-->Arterioles-->Capillaries-->Venules-->Veins
|
|
|
Three histological layers of veins/arteries:
|
Tunica Interna, Tunica media, Tunica externa
|
|
|
Vasa vasorum
|
Blood supply of larger blood vessels.
|
|
|
What is the tunica interna made up of?
|
Endothelium + Elastic tissue
|
|
|
What is Tunica medica primarily made up of?
|
Elastic fibers and smooth muscle.
|
|
|
What does the tunica externa consist of?
|
Elastic and collagen fibers.
|
|
|
What are arterioles made up of?
|
Endothelium, basement membrane, and smooth muscle cells.
|
|
|
What controls diameter of areterioles?
|
Vasomotor center in medulla oblongata.
|
|
|
What vessels are the key regulators of blood pressure?
|
Arterioles.
|
|
|
If diameter of arterioles is cut by half, blood flow will decrease by ____
|
16X
|
|
|
Vasodilation of areterioles would _____ blood pressure.
|
Increase.
|
|
|
Which is the only vessels where nutrient exchange occurs?
|
Capillaries.
|
|
|
Capillaries consist of what types of tissue?
|
Endothelium and basement membrane.
|
|
|
Tissues with no capillaries:
|
Cornea, lens, epithelium, and cartilage.
|
|
|
Types of capillaries:
|
Fenestrated, Continuous, and Sinusoids.
|
|
|
Where are continuous capillaries found, and why?
|
In the brain, muscle, and connective tissue because they limit movement of materials from bloodstream to tissue.
|
|
|
Where are fenestrated capillaries found, and why?
|
In pancreas, intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys--they allow things to leak out of bloodstream (becomes apart of urine in kidneys).
|
|
|
Where are sinusoids found and why?
|
Found in liver--the simple squamous cells are separated slight distance apart to allow things to pass through easily.
|
|
|
When do precapillary sphincters open?
|
When starving for nutrients--relaxed by chemicals such as CO2, H+, and O2.
|
|
|
Where is blood flow fastest? Slowest?
|
Aorta/ Capillaries.
|
|
|
Which vessel is most blood found in?
|
Veins
|
|
|
Which vessel has a larger tunica externa? Tunica media?
|
Veins/ Arteries.
|
|
|
Why is the tunica media thinner in veins?
|
Because of lower pressure.
|
|
|
Why is the tunica externa thicker in veins?
|
Hold the veins open.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of valves in veins?
|
Ensures one way flow of blood (no backflow).
|
|
|
Is there a difference in the tunica interna of a vein and artery?
|
Tunica interna of artery has elastic in addition to simple squamous.
|
|
|
Factors that aid venous return to heart:
|
Valves, skeletal muscle milking, Respiration
|
|
|
Venous sinus--name two.
|
Vein that lacks smooth muscle--coronary sinus and superior sagittal sinus.
|
|
|
Formula for ESV
|
ESV=EDV-SV
|
|
|
Formula for EDV:
|
ESV+SV=EDV
|
|
|
Pulse pressure formula:
|
SP-DP=PP
|
|
|
Formula for mean arteriole pressure:
|
DP +(PP/3)=MAP
|
|
|
Blood pressure formula:
|
SP/DP=BP
|
|
|
Formula for cardiac cycle length:
|
60/Heart rate=CC, then CC-.3= Answer
|
|
|
Mean arteriole pressure
|
Average arterial pressure during single cardiac cycle.
|
|
|
Heart rate
|
Number of heartbeats per minute.
|
|
|
Cardiac output
|
Amount of blood being pumped by heart in a minute.
|
|
|
Cardiac cycle length
|
One complete cardiac cycle from systole to diastole.
|
|
|
Ejection fraction
|
Fraction of blood pumped out of ventricles with each heart beat.
|
|
|
How does blood volume affect blood pressure?
|
More blood=higher venous return which causes heart to work harder to pump more blood to body.
|
|
|
How does cardiac output affect blood pressure?
|
Greater stroke vol=greater cardiac output=greater blood pressure.
|
|
|
Where are baroreceptors found? How do they affect blood pressure?
|
Cartoid sinus, aorta, right atrium.
Send impulses to brain when blood pressure is high. |
|
|
Normal pressure in pulmonary artery?
|
90-95 mmHg
|
|
|
Normal pressure in Vein?
|
10-0mmHg
|
|
|
Peripheral resistance
|
Opposition to the flow of blood.
|
|
|
The greater the TPR, the ______ the blood pressure.
|
Higher
|
|
|
The more viscous the blood, the _______ the blood pressure. What happens to blood in polycythemia?
|
Higher--blood pressure is increased in polycythemia, blood is viscous due to increased number of RBCs.
|
|
|
The longer the blood vessels, the ______ the resistance.
|
Greater.
|
|
|
What happens when someone gains weight?
|
Blood vessels lengthen, increasing resistance (higher blood pressure).
|
|
|
Hydrostatic pressure
|
Pressure pushing out on wall of capillary.
|
|
|
Osmotic pressure
|
Pressure pulling in due to albumin and sodium in blood.
|
|
|
Average hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end of capillary--Venous end:
|
30mmHg and 15mmHg
|
|
|
Average constant Osmotic pressure of capillaries:
|
22mmHg
|
|
|
Does more fluid leave or reenter capillaries?
|
Leave.
|
|
|
Which end of the capillary does fluid leave and reenter?
|
Leaves at arteriole end, reenters at venous end.
|
|
|
Causes of edema
|
Increase in hydrostatic pressure
Decreases in albumin Increases in capillary permeability Lymph drainage is blocked |
|
|
Common pulse points
|
Temporal, facial, common carotid, brachial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis.
|
|
|
Why would increase in capillary permeability cause edema?
|
If proteins leak out, osmotic pressure can drop.
|
|
|
What happens if osmotic pressure drops below venous pressure?
|
Fluid returns to capillaries.
|
|
|
How would someone develop a decrease in albumin?
|
Kidney patients could possibly lose albumin in urine.
|
|
|
Why would removal of lymph nodes cause lymph blockage?
|
There would be no place for lymph drainage because of the lymph node removal.
|
|
|
Where does the systemic circulation begin? End?
|
Left ventricle and Right Atrium.
|
|
|
Where does the Pulmonary circulation begin and end?
|
Right ventricle, and Left atrium.
|
|
|
Circle of Willis
|
An anastomosis of internal carotid arteries that extend into skull and form anastomosis with vertebral arteries at the base of the brain.
|
|
|
What would be effect of Beta blocker on blood pressure?
|
Lower blood pressure because it blocks the effects of sympathetic nervous system.
|
|
|
Hepatic portal circulation
|
Superior mesenteric artery--> Hepatic portal vein--> Liver sinusoid--> Central vein--> Hepatic vein--> Inferior vena cava--> Aorta
|
|
|
Ductus arteriosis
|
Connects pulmonary artery and aorta to bypass the non-functional lungs of the fetus.
|
|
|
What does Foramen ovale connect, and why?
|
The right and left atrium to bypass lungs because fetus does not use lungs, gets oxygen from mother.
|
|
|
Umbilical artery and vein
|
Takes blood away from fetus' heart
Carries oxygenated blood from fetus' heart to mom's |
|
|
Stages of shock:
|
Compensated and uncompensated, irreversible.
|
|
|
What happens in the irreversible stage of shock?
|
Damage to organs because they have not had ample oxygen supply (irreversible leads to death).
|
