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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Describethe three regions of the pharynx |
•Regions –Nasopharynx –Oropharynx –Laryngopharynx |
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–Nasopharynx |
Nasopharynx - Structures •From Internal Naristo Uvula •Includes –Eustachiantubeopening –Pharyngealtonsils(adenoids) |
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–Oropharynx |
–Oropharynx
•FromSoftpalateto Epiglottis–Fauces •Passagewayout of mouth –Palatine tonsils•Onlateral walls–Lingual tonsil •Atbase of tongue> |
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–Laryngopharynx |
–Laryngopharynx •From Epiglottisto Cricoid cartilage |
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2. Name and explain the 3 processes of respiration: |
a. Ventilation. b. External respiration. c. Internal respiration. |
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Explain: b. External respiration. |
•EXPIRATION •Diaphragmrelaxes •Movesup •Externalintercostalsrelax •Ribcage falls back •Thoraxcontracts •Airforced out |
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Explain:
Internal respiration (card 2) |
•INSPIRATION: •Diaphragm contracts •Movesdown •External intercostals contract •Ribcage moves up and out •Thorax expands •Airrushes inragment |
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Active Expiration |
Muscles •Internal intercostals •Abdominals |
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Air Pressure during Inspiration |
•Thoraxexpands –Pressuredrops(more space) •Pleuragets pulled out –Intrapleuralpressure drops •Lungs sucked out –Intrapulmonarypressure drops belowair pressure •Air -760mmHg •Intrapleural - 754 mmHg •Intrapulmonary 757 mmHg •Air moves in |
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Air Pressure during Expiration |
•Thoraxcontracts –Pressurerises •Intrapleuralpressure rises •Lungs –Notsucked out –Elastic tissues recoil –Intrapulmonarypressure rises aboveatmospheric •Air -760 mmHg •Intrapleural -756 mmHg •Intrapulmonary 763 mmHg •Airmoves out |
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Explain: a. Ventilation. |
•The flow of air into and out of the lungs •Air moves from a region of high pressure toa region of low pressure Ventilation •Tidal Volume-ml/breath •Frequency-breaths/min •Ventilation–Tidalvolume x Frequency •Amountof air that moves in and out of the respiratory system •Ventilation-Dead Air Space=Alveolar Ventilation –Amountof air that moves into and out of the alveoli |
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Inspiration Muscle (card 1) |
Mainmuscles of inspiration: DIAPHRAGM 1. Domeshaped - normally curves up 2.Skeletal muscle 3.Contraction •Movesdown •Increasessize of thorax |
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3. Function of Alveoli |
Site of gas exchange |
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Structure of Alveoli |
•Simple squamous epitheliums –Siteof gas exchange •Septalcells –secretesurfactant •Wanderingmacrophages •removedebris |
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4. Laws governing respiration |
- Dalton’s Law - Henry’s Law etc (What other laws are there?) |
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BOYLE’SLAW |
•The pressure of agas varies inversely withthe volume ofthe gas •Gasin a large vessel –Underlowpressure •Gasin a small vessel –Underhighpressure |
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Henry's Law |
At a constant temperature, the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. In other words, the amount of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure in the gas phase. |
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5. Know the parts and functions of the Bronchial Tree. |
•TheBronchioleslead to lobules •Microscopicregions of lungs •Include –Terminal bronchiole leads to –Respiratory bronchioles lead to –Alveolar ducts lead to –Alveolar sacs lead to –Alveoli •Wheregas exchange takes place •Visceral pleura –Surrondsoutside of lung |
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6. Regulatory centers of respiration located in the Medulla, pons |
Brain Breathingdepends on repetitive stimuli from the brain. It iscontrolled at 2 levels of the brain. 1.Cerebraland conscious, enabling us to inhale and exhale 2.Automaticand unconscious cycle of breathing in the brain stem –Medulla and Pons
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Function of the Medulla |
–Generates and Regulates basic rhythm |
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Function of the Pons |
Modifies rhythm |
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Detailed Medulla Functions |
•Respiratorynuclei in medulla –ventral respiratory group (VRG) •Generatesrhythm •Inspiratoryneurons - fire for about 2 seconds at a time and sends nerve signals to spinalintegrating centers. See what follows in the diagram. •Expiratoryneurons – fire for about 3 seconds at a time, they inhibit inspiratory neuronsand allow inspiratory muscles to relax. 12breaths per minute7 |
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Detailed Pons Functions |
•Pons –Pontine respiratory group (PRG) •Receivesinputs from higher brain centers like hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex. •Modifiesthe rhythm of the VRG. •Adaptsbreathing to special circumstances like sleep, exercise, vocalization, andemotional responses. |
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Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) |
•Receivesinput from external sources like the Pons, chemoreceptors in the medulla andmajor arteries •Sendsoutput to VRG to modify rate and depth of breathing (↑ or ↓). |
