A&p Ii Final Exam 3 Ch 17

Front 1

Functions of the blood

Back 1

- Transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste
- Regulation of the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluid
- Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites
- Defense against toxins and pathogens
- Stabilization of body temperature

Front 2

Components of blood

Back 2

- Plasma
- Formed elements

Front 3

What is whole blood?

Back 3

- Removed blood when composition remains unaltered

Front 4

What is hematocrit?

Back 4

- a.k.a PCV
- Percentage of whole blood contributed by formed elements
- 99% red blood cells

Front 5

Components of Plasma

Back 5

- water (92%)
- Plasma proteins (7%)
- Plasma proteins include:
- Albumins (major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma
- Globulins (include antibodies and transport globulins, transport globulins allow hormones to "last longer")
- Fibrinogen (clotting, forms fibrin strands)
- Active and inactive enzymes and hormones
- other solutes (electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic waste)

Front 6

Formed elements

Back 6

- Red blood cells (RBC) 99.9%
- Platelets
- White blood cells (WBC)

Front 7

Red blood cell characteristics

Back 7

- a.k.a erythrocytes
- Essential to O2 transport
- Biconcave disc: increases surface area causing greater O2 exchange rate
- Large in size and flexible: allows for movement in capillaries
- Can form stacks: rouleaux
- Lose most organelles during development
- Contain hemoglobin molecules

Front 8

Platelets

Back 8

- Important to the process of clotting
- First to arrive and stop bleeding (initial plug)
- flattened discs that appear round when viewed from above, and spindle shaped in section or in a blood smear
- functions: clump together and stick to damaged vessel walls, release chemicals that stimulate blood clotting
- megakaryocytes --> platelets

Front 9

White blood cells

Back 9

- Participate in the body's defense mechanism

Front 10

Development of erythrocytes

Back 10

- Hemoglobin: each molecule has 4 chains (globular protein subunits) 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
- Each chain contains a single heme pigment molecule (each heme, with iron, can reversibly bind one molecule of oxygen)
- Each hemoglobin = 4 chains = 4 heme = 4 O2

Front 11

Stem cells associate with formed elements

Back 11

- Hemocytoblasts --> lymphoid stem cells (production of lymphocytes)
- Hemocytoblasts --> myeloid stem cells (all types of formed elements except lymphocytes)

Front 12

5 white blood cell types

Back 12

- Granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- Agranular leukocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes)

Front 13

Neutrophils

Back 13

- Highest concentration
- engulfs pathogens or debris, will attack anything foreign

Front 14

Eosinophils

Back 14

- Engulf antibody labeled materials
- increase in abundance in allergies and parasitic infections

Front 15

Basophils

Back 15

- release histamines and other chemicals that promote inflammation

Front 16

Monocytes

Back 16

- largest of the 5
- enter tissue and become macrophages, engulf pathogens and debris
- waste removal

Front 17

Lymphocytes

Back 17

- provide defense against specific pathogens or toxins
- will only attack specific targets
- multiple different for different targets

Front 18

3 phases of hemostasis (clotting response)

Back 18

- Vascular phase
- Platelet phase
- Coagulation phase

Front 19

3 phases of hemostasis (clotting response) - Vascular phase

Back 19

- Endothelial cells contract exposing underlying basal lamina to bloodstream
- Endothelial cells release chemical factors, local hormones, and endothelins
- Endothelial cells become sticky which causes platelets to attach

Front 20

3 phases of hemostasis (clotting response) - Platelet phase

Back 20

- Platelets attach to endothelial cells, basal lamina, exposed collagen fibers and each other
- Release chemicals
- Required for more stable clotting: platelet factors (proteins), Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) (promotes vessel repair), calcium ions

Front 21

3 phases of hemostasis (clotting response) - coagulation phase

Back 21

- Conversion of circulating fibrinogen to insoluable fibrin
- Two pathways that lead to common pathway (extrinsic and instrinsic)

Front 22

How are clots dissolved?

Back 22

- Proenzyme plasminogen is activated
- Plasminogen becomes plasmin which erodes the clot (plasmin actually erodes the clot)

Front 23

Blood typing

Back 23

- Type A: has A surface antigens, and anti-B antibodies
- Type B: has B surface antigens and anti-A antibodies
- Type AB: has AB surface antigens and neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies (universal receiver)
- Type O: has no A or B surface antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antigens (universal donor
- Rh surface antigen: present= "+" and absence = "-"
- If one blood type is exposed to corresponding antibodies clumping (agglutination) occurs

Front 24

Newborn hemolytic disease

Back 24

- Rh negative mother is pregnant with first Rh positive fetus
- During delivery blood is exchanged and the mother develops Rh antibodies
- Subsequent babies (Rh+) allow mothers Rh+ antibodies to cross the placenta and attack the fetus

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