A&p Ii Exam 1 Study Guide

Front 1

Describe several ways in which hormone secretion is regulated.

Back 1

Hormone secretion is regulated by signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones
Most hormonal regulatory systems work via negative feedback, but a few operate via positive feedback

Front 2

Choose your favorite feedback mechanism and discuss it in detail.

Back 2

Blood Ca2+ level is controlled by the parathyroid hormone (PTH). If blood Ca2+ is low, there is a stimulus for the parathyroid glands to release more PTH. PTH then exerts its effects in the body until the Ca2+ level returns to normal. If the level gets too high the body will cease PTH production and secrete calcitonin lower the Ca2+ levels.

Front 3

What would happen if a person with type A blood were to receive a transfusion of type B blood?

Back 3

In a blood transfusion, if the recipient receives the wrong blood type, antigen-antibody reactions will cause a rapid destruction (hemolysis) of the donor red blood cells

Front 4

Describe the mechanism of action for a lipid-soluble hormone, and provide an example.

Back 4

1. Lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell
2. Activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
3. Newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of
specific proteins on ribosomes
Example is Steroids or Thyroid hormones

Front 5

List the correct order the action of a water soluble hormone on its target cell.

Back 5

1. The hormone binds to a membrane receptor
2. The hormone receptor complex activates G proteins.
3. Adenylate cyclase is activated, catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cAMP.
4. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
5. Activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins.
6. Enzymes Catalyze reactions that produce a physiological response attributed to the hormone.
Example is Amine, peptide, protein, and eicosanoid hormones.

Front 6

List several ways in which lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones “behave” differently.

Back 6

Lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell
Water soluble hormones bind to receptors on the surface of the cell
Water soluble hormones cirulate in the blood plasma membrane in a free form not attched to plasma proteins; most lipid soluble hormones are bound to transport proteins synthesized by the liver.

Front 7

Give an example of a medical condition resulting from a hormone imbalance/deficiency.

Back 7

Hypersecretion of Cortisol by the adrenal cortex produces crushing syndrome. A condition in which the body breaksdown muscle and redistributes body fat.

Front 8

Select an endocrine gland. Describe the hormone(s) that are secreted by this gland and the action that they bring about.

Back 8

Adrenal Cortex secretes Cortisol. Cortisol binds to smooth muscle in blood vessels. Cause blood vessels to constrict maintaining blood flow during stress. Increases the bodys ability to cope with stress.

Front 9

What are the three main functions of blood? Describe each briefly.

Back 9

1. Transportation: Blood contributes to homeostasis by transporting respiratory gasses, nutrients, and hormones to and from your body’s cells.
2. Regulation: It helps regulate body pH and temperature
3. Protection: It provides protection through its clotting mechanisms and immune defenses.

Front 10

How is oxygen carried by blood?

Back 10

Oxygen is carried by red blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which is a oxygen carrying protein.

Front 11

You are a nurse at South Georgia Medical, a patient presents to you and your doctor with symptoms that suggest an infection. Your doctor orders a blood test. Why? Be specific.

Back 11

The doctor orders the test to check for high or low leves of white blood cell counts.High levels of Neutrophils, Lymphocytes or Monocytes may suggest a Infection.

Front 12

Describe a specific type of anemia

Back 12

Anemia is a condition of insufficient RBC’s or hemoglobin (quality or quantity). Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia in the U.S., and affects primarily menstruating women

Front 13

How does medicine such as Tylenol know where in the body to go?

Back 13

Because of specific receptors

Front 14

What are three stages to a general adaptation syndrome response?

Back 14

1 alarm reaction (Fight or Flight)
2 Resistance reaction
3.Exhaustion

Front 15

Describe the Alarm reaction of the GAS.

Back 15

The alarm reaction is the short-lived fight-or-flight response initiated by the hypothalamus and mediated by the sympathetic division of the ANS
it brings huge amounts of glucose and oxygen to the brain, the lungs, and skeletal muscles
the RAAS is also activated to maintain blood volume and BP

Front 16

Describe the resistance reaction of the GAS.

Back 16

The resistance reaction is initiated in large part by hypothalamic releasing hormones and is a longer-lasting response. The release of high levels of cortisol and thyroid hormones assures that the tissues of the body can sustain necessary metabolic needs

Front 17

Describe the Exhaustion reaction of the GAS.

Back 17

Exhaustion occurs when the body’s reserves become so depleted that they cannot sustain the resistance stage

Front 18

Glands that secrete endocrine hormones into the bloodstream are called?

Back 18

endocrine glands

Front 19

Glands that secrete their products into ducts are called?

Back 19

exocrine glands

Front 20

What are hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that target other endocrine glands?

Back 20

Tropic hormones

Front 21

What are local hormones that are secreted into interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells?

Back 21

Paracrine hormones

Front 22

Some hormones, called _____ ____ are local hormones that are secreted, and bind to the same cell.

Back 22

autocrine hormones

Front 23

What are the normal levels of the white blood cells called Neutrophils?

Back 23

60-70%

Front 24

What are the normal levels of the white blood cells called Eosinophils?

Back 24

2-4%

Front 25

What are the normal levels of the white blood cells called Basophils?

Back 25

.5-1%

Front 26

What are the normal levels of the white blood cells called Lymphocytes?

Back 26

20-25%

Front 27

What are the normal levels of the white blood cells called Monocytes?

Back 27

3-8%

Front 28

List the white blood cells from the largest percentage to the smallest. (N L M E B). Nice long mercades equal bucks.

Back 28

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils.