A&p Ii--Endocrine System

Front 1

Two key systems in regulating body activities--Which one works more quickly?

Back 1

Endocrine and Nervous System.

Nervous works more quickly.

Front 2

Endocrine

Back 2

Secretes hormones into the blood that act on another organ.

Front 3

Paracrine

Back 3

Local hormones act on "neighboring" cells.

Front 4

Autocrine

Back 4

Secretes hormones that act on that organ itself.

Front 5

Hormones

Back 5

Made by one tissue, then transported into blood to work on another tissue (target tissue).

Front 6

Two groups of hormones:

Back 6

Amino acid-based hormones (Protein hormones, amino acid derivatives)

Steroid based-hormones (made from cholesterol)

Front 7

What makes a "target tissue?"

Back 7

Tissue that has a specific binding site for the receptor of a specific hormone.

Front 8

Where are the receptors for amino acid hormones located? For steroid hormones?

Back 8

On the cell membrane/ Inside of the cell.

Front 9

Examples of Amino acid hormones--
Why is the receptor located on the cell membrane?

Back 9

Insulin, ADH, prolactin, growth hormone

Utilizes a "second messenger" inside the cell such as cyclic AMP.

Front 10

Examples of Steroid hormones--
Why is the receptor located inside the cell?

Back 10

Aldosterone, cortisone, estrogen, testosterone

Cell does not need a "second messenger."

Front 11

How are the steroid hormones transported?

Back 11

Fat hormones are bound to protein in the blood for transport.

Front 12

How do hormones work?

Back 12

By controlling which proteins the cell will make --acts on DNA to cause production of specific proteins.

Front 13

Which hormone is the exception to the rule and can pass through cell membrane although it is not a fat?

Back 13

Thyroid hormone--derived from amino acids, receptor is on inside of cell, hormone is fat-soluble.

Front 14

Two mechanisms for control of hormone secretion:

Back 14

Negative and Positive feedback.

Front 15

Prostaglandin

Back 15

Hormone-like substance made from fat from the diet (essential fat--arachidonic).

Front 16

How do prostaglandins affect bodily functions?

Back 16

Blood clotting (found platelets)
Gastric juice production
Contraction of uterus
Body temperature

Front 17

Examples of prostaglandins:

Back 17

Thromboxane
Prostacyclin
Leukotriene

Front 18

Function of thromboxane:

Back 18

Causes blood clotting/constriction of blood vessels.

Front 19

Function of prostacyclin:

Back 19

Prevents blood clot from forming in hemostasis.

Front 20

Function of leukotriene:

Back 20

Involved in immune response (immediate type allergic reactions).

Front 21

Two parts of pituitary gland:

Back 21

Adenohypophysis
Neurophypophysis

Front 22

What controls the pituitary gland?

Back 22

The hypothalamus

Front 23

How does hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 23

Through releasing and inhibiting hormones.

Front 24

How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 24

Through action potentials (neurosecretory cells)

Front 25

Tropic hormones

Back 25

Act on endocrine glands

Front 26

Two parts of pituitary gland:

Back 26

Adenohypophysis
Neurophypophysis

Front 27

What controls the pituitary gland?

Back 27

The hypothalamus

Front 28

How does hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 28

Through releasing and inhibiting hormones.

Front 29

How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 29

Through action potentials (neurosecretory cells)

Front 30

Tropic hormones

Back 30

Act on endocrine glands

Front 31

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Back 31

Causes thyroid to release T3 and T4, the thyroid hormones.

Front 32

Negative feedback system of T3 and T4:

Back 32

Hypothalamus (makes releasing hormone)

Anterior pituitary gland (Makes Thyroid releasing hormone)

Thyroid gland (makes T3 and T4)

Front 33

High levels of T3 and T4 do what to secretion of releasing hormone?

Back 33

Increase it.

Front 34

ACTH acts on which gland?

Back 34

Adrenal gland--Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Front 35

What controls the release of ACTH?

Back 35

Controlled by releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

Front 36

Negative feedback system of release of ACTH:

Back 36

Hypothalamus (Releases TRH)

Anterior pituitary (releases ACTH)

Adrenal gland (stimulates release of cortisol)

Front 37

Why should patients be "weaned" off of cortisol if they have been taking high doses?

Back 37

The hypothalamus was "blocked" for however long the patient was taking the cortisol, and it may not immediately begin making releasing hormone if abruptly taken off of cortisol (dangerous situation b/c cortisol essential for body functions)

Front 38

FSH

Back 38

Follicle stimulating hormone--stimulates growth of egg in females and growth and dev. of sperm in males.

Front 39

LH

Back 39

Luteinizing hormone--Causes females to ovulate and production of Testosterone in males.

Front 40

List Tropic hormones:

Back 40

TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH.

Front 41

Why would a bodybuilder taking testosterone have low sperm count?

Back 41

In this situation the hypothalamus would be blocked, decreasing the production of FSH/LH (which stimulates testosterone production in males for sperm development). FSH would not be produced because the body would already be supplied with extra, leading to no sperm production because of lack of FSH/LH.

Front 42

List Non-tropic hormones:

Back 42

Prolactin (PRL)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Growth hormone (hGH)

Front 43

Prolactin (what controls it release?)

Back 43

Stimulates milk production and maintains milk secretion (hypothalamus)

Front 44

Non-tropic hormones

Back 44

Hormones that do not act on other endocrine glands.

Front 45

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Back 45

Stimulates melanocytes of the skin, role in neurochemistry of brain.

Front 46

Growth hormone

Back 46

Increases protein synthesis to stimulate growth, causes breakdown of fat, increases blood sugar, and requires somatomedins.

Front 47

Why would growth hormone stimulate protein sysnthesis?

Back 47

Needed for enzymes to support growth and changes occurring in body cells/functions.

Front 48

Somatomedins

Back 48

Insulin-like growth factors made by liver

Front 49

Why does growth hormone require somatomedins?

Back 49

For its effect on bone and cartilage.

Front 50

Why is the increase in blood sugar necessary for growth hormone?

Back 50

Necessary for increased growth of bone and cartilage.

Front 51

Gigantism

Back 51

Too much growth hormone as a child

Front 52

Pituitary dwarfism

Back 52

Too little growth hormone as a child.

Front 53

Acromegaly

Back 53

Too much growth hormone production as an adult.

Front 54

Signs observed in acromegaly:

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Widening of bones, increase in size of hands, feet, limbs, and facial features.

Front 55

What problems regarding blood sugar would accompany acromegaly?

Back 55

Increased glucose (hyperglycemia) and not enough insulin.

Front 56

Posterior pituitary gland

Back 56

Neurohypophysis--stores ADH and Oxytocin

Front 57

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland make?

Back 57

None, it only stores hormones (ADH and Oxytocin)

Front 58

Where are ADH and oxytocin produced?

Back 58

The hypothalamus.

Front 59

Another name for ADH

Back 59

Vasopressin.

Front 60

In high concentrations, ADH causes ____

Back 60

Vasoconstriction.

Front 61

Term for lack of ADH:

Back 61

Diabetes Insipidus

Front 62

What was the effect of ADH on the kidney tubules?

Back 62

Makes Distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct permeable to water (H2O reabsorption).

Front 63

ADH is made when osmotic pressure in the blood is:

Back 63

High

Front 64

Two target tissues of Oxytocin:

Back 64

1.Smooth muscle of uterus
2.Mammary gland ducts

Front 65

"Let-down" reflex:

Back 65

Baby suckling at nipple of breast causes receptors to send impulses to hypothalamus.

Front 66

Positive feedback cycle during labor:

Back 66

Stretch receptors in the cervix from baby dropping in labor sends afferent impulses to hypothalamus and stimulates oxytocin production until cervix dilates enough for baby to go through.

Front 67

Which element is needed to make thyroid hormone? How do cells get it?

Back 67

Iodine--iodine pumps push it into cells (active transport)

Front 68

How are T3 and T4 stored?

Back 68

Stored in colloid of follicular cells.

Front 69

How are T3 and T4 released?

Back 69

Thyroglobulin digested to T3 and T4 and released into the bloodstream (transported through binding globulin).

Front 70

What effect do thyroid hormones have on basal metabolic rate?

Back 70

Increased metabolism (accelerates heat production, increases use of glucose)

Front 71

What effect does thyroid hormone have on heart rate?

Back 71

Increased heart rate.

Front 72

Cretinism

Back 72

Lack of thyroid hormone as an infant--> severe mental retardation.

Front 73

Hypothyroidism

Back 73

Too little thyroid hormone-- slow heart rate, low body temp, cold sensitivity, lethargy.

Front 74

Hyperthyroidism

Back 74

Too much thyroid hormone-- tachycardia, high metabolism, heat intolerance, exopthalmus ("Bulging" eyes)

Front 75

Which cells in thyroid gland make calcitonin?

Back 75

Parafollicular cells

Front 76

What does calcitonin do to blood calcium?

Back 76

Decreases it by activating osteoblasts (putting it back into bone and taking it out of blood stream)

Front 77

Is calcitonin controlled by pituitary or hypothalamus?

Back 77

Neither, directly controlled by levels of calcium in blood.

Front 78

What effect does thyroid hormone have on heart rate?

Back 78

Increased heart rate.

Front 79

Cretinism

Back 79

Lack of thyroid hormone as an infant--> severe mental retardation.

Front 80

Hypothyroidism

Back 80

Too little thyroid hormone-- slow heart rate, low body temp, cold sensitivity, lethargy.

Front 81

Hyperthyroidism

Back 81

Too much thyroid hormone-- tachycardia, high metabolism, heat intolerance, exopthalmus ("Bulging" eyes)

Front 82

Which cells in thyroid gland make calcitonin?

Back 82

Parafollicular cells

Front 83

What does calcitonin do to blood calcium?

Back 83

Decreases it by activating osteoblasts (putting it back into bone and taking it out of blood stream)

Front 84

Is calcitonin controlled by pituitary or hypothalamus?

Back 84

Neither, directly controlled by levels of calcium in blood.

Front 85

Where are parathyroid glands located?

Back 85

Posterior to the thyroid gland.

Front 86

Which cells make parathyroid hormone?

Back 86

Chief cells of parathyroid gland.

Front 87

What does parathyroid hormone do to calcium levels in blood?

Back 87

Raise them by activating osteoclasts (taking calcium out of bone and putting it into blood)

Front 88

How does parathyroid hormone effect phosphate levels in the blood?

Back 88

Decreases phosphate levels.

Front 89

How does parathyroid hormone affect kidneys?

Back 89

Causes reabsorption of calcium and secretion of phosphate.

Front 90

How does parathyroid hormone affect the gastrointestinal tract?

Back 90

Causes absorption of calcium through calcitriol (Activated by vitamin D) made by the kidney.

Front 91

Tetany

Back 91

Lack of parathyroid hormones in the blood disturbs Na+ levels (causes depolarization) due to low blood calcium.

Front 92

Hyperparathyroidism

Back 92

High Ca+ levels, leads to fractures, and kidney stones.

Front 93

Three hormones that control blood calcium:

Back 93

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Calcitriol

Front 94

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Back 94

Superior to kidneys (sits on top of kidneys)

Front 95

Three zones of adrenal cortex:

Back 95

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona reticularis

Front 96

Major hormone secreted by zona glomerulosa:

Back 96

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)--controls Na+/K+ levels, increases BP when NA/K levels are low.

Front 97

Major hormone secreted by zona fasiculata:

Back 97

Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)--gluconeogenesis

Front 98

Major hormone secreted by zona reticularis:

Back 98

Androgens (Gonadocorticoids)--male hormones

Front 99

What does aldosterone do to sodium levels in the blood?

Back 99

Increases them.

Front 100

Does aldosterone increase/decrease blood pressure? What about Potassium levels?

Back 100

Increases blood pressure/ Lowers potassium levels.

Front 101

How does aldosterone work?

Back 101

Reabsorbs sodium into the bloodstream when levels are low, and secretes potassium into the urine.

Front 102

Three factors that cause secretion of aldosterone:

Back 102

Low sodium, high potassium, low blood pressure.

Front 103

Hyperaldosteronism would lead to ________.

Back 103

High Na+, High blood pressure, low K+

Front 104

Disease caused by too much cortisone

Back 104

Cushing's disease

Front 105

Symptoms of cushing's disease

Back 105

High glucose, poor wound healing, fat redistribution, high blood pressure and possibly loss of K+, loss of muscle and bone fractures.

Front 106

Addison's disease

Back 106

Too little cortisol--Low glucose, high K+, Low sodium levels and blood pressure.

Front 107

Why is acute adrenal crisis a medical emergency?

Back 107

Hypoglycemia can lead to comatose state because the brain needs glucose. High potassium can stop heart function altogether.

Front 108

What stimulates secretion of adrenaline?

Back 108

Fight/flight situation (Sympathetic nervous system).

Front 109

Cortisol is essential:

Back 109

For handling stress (fasting and little sleep).

Front 110

Functions of cortisol:

Back 110

Essential for stress
Catabolic
Promotion gluconeogenesis
Increase in BP
anti-inflammatory
slows wound healing

Front 111

What is the major reason for the clinical use of cortisol?

Back 111

Anti-inflammatory properties.

Front 112

Does cortisol increase or decrease blood glucose levels?

Back 112

Increase.

Front 113

Example of glucocorticoid:

Back 113

Cortisol

Front 114

How does cortisol retard connective tissue healing?

Back 114

Delays collagen formation leading to poor wound healing.