A&p I Exam 4

Front 1

Meninges

Back 1

Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Front 2

Dura mater

Back 2

The outermost of the three meninges of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 3

Epidural space

Back 3

A space between the spinal dura mater and the vertebral canal, containing areolar CT and a plexus of veins.

Front 4

Arachnoid mater

Back 4

The middle of the three meninges of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 5

Pia mater

Back 5

The innermost of the three meninges of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 6

Subarachnoid space

Back 6

A space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates.

Front 7

Spinal tap

Back 7

Procedure that is performed in order to withdraw CSF for diagnostic purposes. The needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar region, below the level at which the spinal cord ends.

Front 8

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 8

A fluid produced by ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

Front 9

Medulla oblongata

Back 9

The most inferior part of the brain stem.

Front 10

Conus medullaris

Back 10

The tapered portion of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

Front 11

Cauda equina

Back 11

A tail-like array of roots of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord.

Front 12

Cervical enlargement

Back 12

Enlargement of the spinal cord that contains nerves that supply the upper limbs.

Front 13

Lumbar enlargement

Back 13

Enlargement of the spinal cord that contains nerves that supply the lower limbs.

Front 14

Two grooves in the spinal cord:

Back 14

Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus

Front 15

Central canal

Back 15

A microscopic tube running the length of the spinal cord in the gray commisure.

Front 16

Gray commissure

Back 16

A narrow strip of gray matter connecting the two lateral gray masses within the spinal cord.

Front 17

Spinal nerves

Back 17

31 pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal cord from the posterior and anterior roots.

Front 18

Posterior (dorsal) root

Back 18

The structure composed of sensory axons lying between a spinal nerve and the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord.

Front 19

Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

Back 19

A group of cell bodies of sensory neurons and their supporting cells located along the posterior root of a spinal nerve.

Front 20

Anterior (ventral) root

Back 20

The structure composed of axons of motor (efferent) neurons that emerges from the anterior aspect of the spinal cord and extends laterally to join a posterior root, forming a spinal nerve.

Front 21

Horn

Back 21

An area of gray matter (anterior, lateral, or posterior) in the spinal cord.

Front 22

Posterior gray horns

Back 22

Contain cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons.

Front 23

Anterior gray horns

Back 23

Contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles.

Front 24

Lateral gray horns

Back 24

Present only in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

Front 25

White commissure

Back 25

Connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord.

Front 26

Tract

Back 26

A bundle of nerve axons in the CNS.

Front 27

Sesory (ascending) tracts

Back 27

Consist of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain.

Front 28

Motor (descending) tracts

Back 28

Tracts that consist of axons that carry nerve impulses down the spinal cord.

Front 29

Mixed nerve

Back 29

The spinal nerve is called this because the posterior root contains sensory axons and the anterior root contains motor axons.

Front 30

Endoneurium

Back 30

CT wrapping around individual nerve axons.

Front 31

Fascicles

Back 31

A small bundle of cluster, especially of nerve or muscle fibers.

Front 32

Perineurium

Back 32

CT wrapping around fascicles in a nerve.

Front 33

Epineurium

Back 33

The superficial CT covering around an entire nerve

Front 34

Cervical plexus

Back 34

The nerve supply to the head, neck, and upper part of the shoulders.

Front 35

Brachial plexus

Back 35

Constitutes the nerve supply for the upper extremities and a number of neck and shoulder muscles.

Front 36

Lumbar plexus

Back 36

Nerve supply to the anteriolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower extremities.

Front 37

Femoral nerve

Back 37

The largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus.

Front 38

Sacral plexus

Back 38

Nerve supply to the buttocks, perineum, and part of the lower extremities.

Front 39

Sciatic nerve

Back 39

The largest nerve arising from the sacral plexus and the largest nerve in the body.

Front 40

Intercostal nerves

Back 40

A nerve supplying a muscle located between the ribs.

Front 41

Dermatomes

Back 41

Segments of the skin that are innervated by spinal nerves.

Front 42

Pathway

Back 42

The route that nerve impulses follow from a neuron in one part of the body to other neurons elsewhere in the body.

Front 43

Reflex

Back 43

Fast response to a stimulus in the internal or external environment that attempts to restore homeostasis.

Front 44

Reflex arc

Back 44

The most basic conduction pathway through the nervous system, connecting a receptor and an effector and consisting of a receptor, a sensory neuron, and integrating center in the CNS, a motor neuron, and an effector.

Front 45

The functional components of a reflex arc

Back 45

1. sensory receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integrating center
4. motor neuron
5. effector

Front 46

Sensory receptor

Back 46

Responds to a specific type of stimulus by generating one of more nerve impulses.

Front 47

Sensory neuron

Back 47

Neurons that carry information from cranial and spinal nerves into the brain and spinal cord or from a lower to a higher level in the spinal cord and brain.

Front 48

Integrating center

Back 48

A synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.

Front 49

Motor neuron

Back 49

Neuron that contains impulses from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord into cranial or spinal nerves to effectors that may be either muscles or glands.

Front 50

Effector

Back 50

An organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons.

Front 51

Brain

Back 51

The part of the CNS contained within the cranial cavity.

Front 52

Brain stem

Back 52

The portion of the brain immediately superior to the spinal cord, made up of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

Front 53

Diencephalon

Back 53

A part of the brain consisting of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Front 54

Cerebrum

Back 54

The two hemispheres of the forebrain, making up the largest part of the brain.

Front 55

Cerebral cortex

Back 55

The surface of the cerebral hemispheres, 2-4 mm thick, consisting of gray matter.

Front 56

Cerebellum

Back 56

The part of the brain lying posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons; governs balance and coordinates skilled movements.

Front 57

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Back 57

A barrier consisting of specialized brain capillaries, and astrocytes that prevents the passage of materials from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid and brain.

Front 58

Ventricle

Back 58

A cavity in the brain filled with CSF

Front 59

Choroid plexus

Back 59

A network of capillaries located in the roof of each of the 4 ventricles of the brain; ependymal cells around them produce CSF.

Front 60

Arachnoid villi

Back 60

Berrylike tuft of the arachnoid mater that protrudes into the superior sagittal sinus and through which CSF is reabsorbed into the blood stream.

Front 61

Falx cerebri

Back 61

A fold of the dura mater extending deep into the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres.

Front 62

Falx cerebelli

Back 62

A small triangular process of the dura mater attached to the occipital bone in the posterior cranial fossa and projecting inward between the two cerebellar hemispheres.

Front 63

Tentorium cerebelli

Back 63

A transverse shelf of dura mater that forms a partition between the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum that covers the cerebellum.

Front 64

Hydrocephalus

Back 64

When CSF cannot circulate through the subarachnoid space or drain properly through the arachnoid villi due to some obstruction.

Front 65

Hematoma

Back 65

Blood tumor.

Front 66

Epidural hematoma

Back 66

Bleeding into the epidural space.

Front 67

Subdural hematoma

Back 67

Bleeding into the subdural space.

Front 68

Subarachnoid hematoma

Back 68

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space (where CSF flows).

Front 69

Anesthesia

Back 69

Loss of the ability to feel pain.

Front 70

General anesthesia

Back 70

A state of unconsciousness and insusceptibility to pain, produced by administration of anesthetic agents of intravenously, intramuscularly, rectally, orally, or by inhalation.

Front 71

Intrathecal injection

Back 71

An injection of medication into the subarachnoid space.

Front 72

Epidural anesthesia

Back 72

Produced by injection of the anesthetic into the epidural space.

Front 73

Olfactory nerve

Back 73

I - smell

Front 74

Optic nerve

Back 74

II - vision

Front 75

Oculomotor nerve

Back 75

III - moves the eyeball

Front 76

Trochlear nerve

Back 76

IV - moves the eyeball

Front 77

Trigeminal nerve

Back 77

V - sensory from facial skin and teeth; chewing.

Front 78

Abducens nerve

Back 78

VI - moves the eyeball

Front 79

Facial nerve

Back 79

VII - taste and sensory from facial skin; facial expressions, tears and spit

Front 80

Acoustic

Back 80

VIII - hearing and equilibrium

Front 81

Glossopharyngeal

Back 81

IX

Front 82

Vagus nerve

Back 82

X - monitors BP, O2 & CO2 levels; sensations of visceral organs of GI and thorax; swallowing, coughing, voice production, slows heart rate, secretion of digestive juices.

Front 83

Spinal accessory

Back 83

XI - moves the head and shoulders

Front 84

Hypoglossal

Back 84

XII - moves the tongue

Front 85

Cardiovascular center

Back 85

Groups of neurons of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata that control the basic rhythm of respiration.

Front 86

Pons

Back 86

The part of the brain stem that forms a "bridge" between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, anterior to the cerebellum.

Front 87

Midbrain

Back 87

The part of the brain between the pons and the diencephalon.

Front 88

Cerebral peduncles

Back 88

A pair of nerve axon bundles located on the anterior surface of the midbrain, conducting nerve impulses between the pons and the cerebral hemispheres.

Front 89

Substantia nigra

Back 89

Nuclei of the midbrain that are large and darkly pigmented. Loss is associated with Parkinson's disease.

Front 90

Red nuclei

Back 90

A cluster of cell bodies in the midbrain, occupying a rubroreticular and rubrospinal tracts.

Front 91

Colliculus

Back 91

A small elevation.

Front 92

Reticular formation

Back 92

A network of small groups of neuronal cell bodies scattered among bundles of axons (mixed gray and white matter) beginning in the medulla oblongata and extending superiorly through the central part of the brain stem.

Front 93

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Back 93

A portion of the reticular formation that has many ascending connections with the cerebral cortex; when this area of the brain stem is active, nerve impulses pass to the thalamus ans widespread areas of the cerebral cortex, resulting in generalized alertness or arousal from sleep.

Front 94

Thalamus

Back 94

A large, oval structure located bilaterally on either side of the third ventricle, consisting of two masses of gray matter organized into nuclei; main relay center for sensory impulses ascending to the cerebral cortex.

Front 95

Hypothalamus

Back 95

A portion of the diencephalon, lying beneath the thalamus and forming the floor and part of the wall of the third ventricle.

Front 96

Functions of the hypothalamus

Back 96

1. Control of the ANS
2. Control of pituitary gland and production of hormones
3. Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
4. Regulation of eating a drinking
5. Control of body temperature
6. Regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness

Front 97

Pineal gland

Back 97

A cone-shaped gland located in the root of the third ventricle that secretes melatonin.

Front 98

Melatonin

Back 98

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that helps set the timing of the body's biological clock.

Front 99

Cerebellum

Back 99

The part of the brain lying posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons; governs balance and coordinates skilled movements.

Front 100

Cerebellar cortex

Back 100

The surface of the cerebellum, consisting of gray matter.

Front 101

Cerebellar peduncles

Back 101

A bundle of nerve axons connecting the cerebellum with the brain stem.

Front 102

Cerebrum

Back 102

The two hemispheres of the forebrain, making up the largest part of the brain.

Front 103

Gyri

Back 103

Folds of the cerebral cortex of the brain.

Front 104

Fissure

Back 104

A grove, fold, or slit that may be normal or abnormal.

Front 105

Suclus

Back 105

A groove or depression between parts, especially between the convolutions of the brain.

Front 106

Longitudinal fissure

Back 106

Separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.

Front 107

Corpus callosum

Back 107

The great commissure of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres.

Front 108

Four lobes of the cerebrum

Back 108

Frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

Front 109

Central sulcus

Back 109

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

Front 110

Precentral gyrus

Back 110

Gyrus of cerebral cortex located immediately anterior to the central sulcus; contains the primary motor area.

Front 111

Postcentral gyrus

Back 111

Gyrus of cerebral cortex located immediately posterior to the central cortex; contains the primary somatosensory area.

Front 112

Insula

Back 112

A triangular area of the cerebral cortex that lies deep within the lateral cerebral fissure, under the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes.

Front 113

Basal ganglia

Back 113

3 pairs of gray matter masses (globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus), with 1 ganglion of each pair located within each cerebral hemisphere.

Front 114

Limbic system

Back 114

A part of the forebrain concerned with various aspects of emotion and behavior.

Front 115

Primary somatosensory area

Back 115

Located in the postcentral gyrus; recieves nerve impulses for touch, proprioceptions, pain, itching, tickle, and temperature. This area allows you to pinpoint where sensations originate.

Front 116

Primary visual area

Back 116

Located in the occipital lobe; involved with visual perception.

Front 117

Primary auditory area

Back 117

Located in the temporal lobe; involved with auditory perception.

Front 118

Primary gustatory area

Back 118

Located at the base of the postcentral gyrus; invovled in gustatory (taste) perception.

Front 119

Primary olfactory area

Back 119

Located on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe; involved in olfactory (smell) perception.

Front 120

Primary motor area

Back 120

Located in the precentral gyrus; each region controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles on the opposite side of the body.

Front 121

Broca's speech area

Back 121

Located in the frontal lobe (and specifically in the left hemisphere in 97% of people.

Front 122

Somatosensory association area

Back 122

Integrates and interprets somatic sensations such as the exact shape and texture of an object.

Front 123

Visual association area

Back 123

Relates present and past visual experiences and is essential for recognizing and evaluating what is seen.

Front 124

Auditory association area

Back 124

Allows you to recognize a particular sound such as speech, music, or noise.

Front 125

Wernicke's area

Back 125

Located in the left temporal and parietal lobes; it interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing the spoken word.

Front 126

Premotor area

Back 126

Causes a specific group of muscles to contract in specific sequential movements (trained and skilled movements).

Front 127

Frontal eye field area

Back 127

Controls voluntary scanning of the eyes.

Front 128

Somatic sensory pathway

Back 128

Pathway that carries info from the somatic sensory receptor to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.

Front 129

Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

Back 129

Sensory pathway that carries info related to proprioception, fine touch, two-point discrimination, pressure, and vibration.

Front 130

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

Back 130

Sensory pathway that conveys info related to pain, temperature, tickle, and itch.

Front 131

Spinothalamic tract

Back 131

Sensory (ascending) tract that conveys info up the spinal cord to the thalamus for sensations of pain, temp, itch, and tickle.

Front 132

Somatic motor pathway

Back 132

Pathway that carries info from the cerebral cortex, basal neclei, and cerebellum that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles.

Front 133

Upper motor neurons (UMN)

Back 133

Refers to motor neurons within the brain and spinal cord (their axons make up the somatic motor pathways).

Front 134

Lower motor neurons (LMN)

Back 134

Motor neurons who somas are in the CNS and their axons extend from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

Front 135

Left hemisphere

Back 135

The hemisphere used for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, use and understanding of language, and reasoning.

Front 136

Right hemisphere

Back 136

The hemisphere used for musical and artistic awareness, spacial and pattern perception, recognition of faces, emotional content of language, and mental images of senses.

Front 137

Brain waves

Back 137

Electrical signals that can be recorded from the skin of the head due to electrical activity of brain neurons.

Front 138

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 138

A record of brain waves; useful for studying normal brain functions as well as disorders.