A&p I--Chemistry (Ph, Elements, Dna, Fats & Starches)

Front 1

Which Element has a symbol of "C", and what is its function within the body?

Back 1

Carbon--Backbone of organic compounds

Front 2

Which element has symbol of "H", and what's its functions within the body?

Back 2

Hydrogen--composes water, organic compounds

Front 3

Which element has symbol of "O", and what is its function?

Back 3

Oxygen--needed to break down Glucose--> ATP

Front 4

Which Element has symbol of "N", and what's its function?

Back 4

Nitrogen--composition of proteins

Front 5

Which element has symbol of "Ca", and what is its function(s)?

Back 5

Calcium--makes up bone, used muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulses

Front 6

Which element has symbol of "P", and what are its bodily functions?

Back 6

Phosphorous--found in bone, used in ATP

Front 7

Which element represented by symbol of "K", and what are its functions in body?

Back 7

Potassium--intracellular ion, nerve impulses

Front 8

Which element represented by symbol "Na", and what are its functions?

Back 8

Sodium--Extracellular ion, nerve impulse

Front 9

Which element has symbol of "Fe", and what are its functions?

Back 9

Iron--binds Oxygen (hemoglobin)

Front 10

Which element has symbol of "Mg", and what are its functions?

Back 10

Magnesium--body metabolism

Front 11

Which element represented by symbol of "S", and what are its functions?

Back 11

Sulfur--Component of many proteins.

Front 12

What is an Ionic Bond?

Back 12

Attraction of positive & negative ions

Front 13

Ionic compounds are called ____.

Back 13

Salts

Front 14

Cation

Back 14

Positively charged ion

Front 15

Anion

Back 15

Negatively charged ion

Front 16

Examples of Ionic Bonds..

Back 16

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Potassium Chloride (KCl)

Front 17

Covalent Bond

Back 17

Elements share electrons

Front 18

Non-polar Covalent Bond

Back 18

Elements share electrons equally

Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)

Front 19

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 19

Elements do not share electrons equally

Ex. Water (H2O)

Front 20

Ion

Back 20

Element with a charge

Front 21

Element with a charge called___

Back 21

Ion.

Front 22

Glucose--Polar or non-polar?

Back 22

Polar

Front 23

Would glucose dissolve in water? Why or why not?

Back 23

Glucose is polar, water is polar, so one would dissolve in the other--"like dissolves like."

Front 24

H2O--Polar or non-polar?

Back 24

Polar--is a solvent for many things.

Front 25

Are most proteins polar or non-polar? What does this mean as far as their solubility in water?

Back 25

Polar--dissolves in water.

Front 26

Amino Acids--polar or non-polar? Solubility in water?

Back 26

Mostly polar, but can be non-polar, so most dissolve in water.

Front 27

Sugars--Polar or non-polar? Solubility in water?

Back 27

Polar--dissolves in water easily.

Front 28

Fats--polar or non-polar? Solubility in water?

Back 28

Non-polar--does not dissolve in water.

Front 29

Carbon Dioxide--Polar or non-polar? Solubility in water?

Back 29

Non-Polar--does not dissolve in water

Front 30

Metabolism

Back 30

Sum of all chemical reactions in body

Front 31

Anabolism

Back 31

Synthesis of new molecules in body's cells & tissues.

Front 32

Catabolism

Back 32

Decomposition of complex molecules within body's cells & tissues.

Front 33

Exergonic

Back 33

Releasing energy

Front 34

Endergonic

Back 34

Requiring energy

Front 35

Would Metabolism be exergonic or Endergonic? Why?

Back 35

Exergonic, It is the sum of all chemical reactions--breakdown of substances for energy.

Front 36

Would Catabolism be considered Endergonic or Exergonic? Why?

Back 36

Exergonic, because it involves the breakdown of molecules to release energy.

Front 37

Anabolism--Exergonic or Endergonic? Why?

Back 37

Endergonic, because it requires more energy to synthesize new molecules.

Front 38

What is hydrolysis? Is this process Anabolism or Catabolism?

Back 38

The use of water to break down--Catabolism.

Front 39

What is the importance of water in the body? What does it mean in terms of transportation of certain compounds in the body?

Back 39

It makes up plasma and cell cytoplasm, many materials are dissolved in water of the body (proteins, sugars, etc.) So water is a very important medium for transporting water-soluble materials. Those that do not dissolve in water have to be further broken down to be transported.

Front 40

Adding water to Starch to further break it down to glucose molecules is an example of what process?

Back 40

Hydrolysis.

Front 41

What is Dehydration in terms of compounds? Give example.

Back 41

Taking water away to synthesize compounds.

Ex. Adding glucose molecules together to make starch.

Front 42

Describe High heat of vaporization, in terms of water..

Back 42

It takes a very high heat to cause water to vaporize, or enter its gaseous state.

Front 43

Ph scale--the lower the number, the more ___ the solution. The higher the number, the more _____ the solution is.

Back 43

Acidic/Basic.

Front 44

What is PH scale?

Back 44

scale that indicates level of acidity/alkalinity of a solution based on scale of 0-14.

Front 45

What is acid? What does acidity mean?

Back 45

Acid is solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen. A solution has to contain more hydrogen ions than Hydroxide to be considered "Acidic."

Front 46

How does a PH level of 1 differ from one of 2?

Back 46

PH level of 1 is 10x more acidic than one of 2! General rule of thumb when moving up one level on scale.

Front 47

What is "normal" PH range of the body?

Back 47

7.35-7.45

Front 48

Why is it important for body to maintain a normal PH range?

Back 48

It is essential for homeostasis because abnormal PH levels can cause serious problems to body, damage to tissues & cells, coma & other life-threatening conditions & illnesses.

Front 49

How does the body maintain normal PH range?

Back 49

By use of "Buffers."

Front 50

What is a Buffer?

Back 50

Compounds that stabilize the PH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions to make solution more acidic or basic as needed.

Front 51

What is the formula for bicarbonate, and how does it work to maintain PH?

Back 51

HCO3- / It make solution more Basic by bonding with hydrogen atoms in solution to remove them.

Front 52

A "weak base" is another name for ___

Back 52

Bicarbonate

Front 53

A "weak acid" is another name for ___

Back 53

Carbonic Acid.

Front 54

What is the formula & function of Carbonic Acid?

Back 54

H2CO3--It adds Hydrogen ions to solution to make it more Acidic if too basic.

Front 55

If bicarbonate picks up a hydrogen ion, what happens to PH?

Back 55

It increases and becomes more basic.

Front 56

Difference between Organic & Inorganic compound?

Back 56

Organic compounds contain Carbon, Inorganic do not.

Front 57

Three elements that make up Carbohydrates___

Back 57

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Front 58

What is the main function of Carbohydrates?

Back 58

Energy source--broken down (catabolized) rather than stored for use by the body.

Front 59

What is a monosaccharide? Give examples.

Back 59

A "simple sugar." Or carbohydrate containing 3-7 carbon atoms.

Ex. Fructose, Glucose, Galactose..

Front 60

What is a Disaccharide? Examples?

Back 60

Dehydration of monosaccharides cause bonding of two to form disaccharide.

Ex. Sucrose (Glucose & Fructose), Lactose (Galactose & glucose), Maltose (2 units Glucose)

Front 61

Is a Polysaccharide being formed from glucose an example of Catabolism or Anabolism?

Back 61

Anabolism, because it involves dehydration (the removal of water) to synthesize the polysaccharide from the glucose molecules.

Front 62

Digestion (break down of food) occurs by ______.

Back 62

Hydrolysis (adds water to break down molecules)

Front 63

What elements do fats contain?

Back 63

Hydrogen, Carbon

Front 64

What are the functions of fat?

Back 64

Healthy hair & skin, maintaining body temp, insulation of organs against shock, promotion of healthy cell function, etc.

Front 65

What is a triglyceride?

Back 65

Made up of Glycerol (three carbon backbone) and 3 long "C-H" chain of fatty acids.

Front 66

Is a triglyceride polar or non-polar? Will it dissolve in water? Why?

Back 66

Non-Polar, because it contains many C-H bonds, which are generally non-polar. It will NOT dissolve in water, due to water being polar.

Front 67

Saturated Fat--properties

Back 67

Carbon-hydrogen chains with no double bonds (completely saturated in Hydrogen).

Solid @ room temp/Should be minimized or avoided in diet.

Front 68

Unsaturated Fat

Back 68

Contain double bonds in C-H structure.

Front 69

How are triglycerides transported in blood?

Back 69

By Lipoproteins, which surrounds the fats, enabling them to be dissolved in the blood and transported without blocking arteries.

Front 70

What is a Phospholipid?

Back 70

Molecules that have "polar" and hydrophilic (Likes water) head and "non-polar" hydrophobic (does not like water) C-H tails.

Front 71

What is special about the structure of Phospholipids?

Back 71

Its structure allows it to be very beneficial for cell membrane structure--hydrophilic head stays in center of cell near water, and non-polar tails are able to move in and out of cell (due to membrane also being non-polar)

Front 72

What is a Steroid?

Back 72

Type of fat made from Cholesterol, multi-ring structure, non-polar, so does not dissolve in water.

Front 73

What are four types of fat?

Back 73

Steroids, Phospholipids, Prostaglandins, and triglycerides.

Front 74

What are some examples of Steroids?

Back 74

Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen.

Front 75

What are some elements found in Protein?

Back 75

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.

Front 76

What are the building blocks of Proteins?

Back 76

Amino Acids

Front 77

What are some functions of Proteins?

Back 77

Support, movement, transportation, buffering, metabolic regulation.

Front 78

Is an Amino Acid a protein?

Back 78

No, it is apart of a protein chain--the basic building blocks of Proteins, and by itself is not a protein but forms a chain of them when grouped with other Amino Acids.

Front 79

Amino Acids are linked together to make proteins by removing water. What is this process called?

Back 79

Dehydration Synthesis.

Front 80

Bonds formed from Amino Acids being liked together____.

Back 80

Peptide bonds

Front 81

What is an "essential" Amino acid, and how many different Amino acids are there?

Back 81

One that cannot be synthesized by body so must be obtained from proper diet. There are over 20 different types of Amino acids.

Front 82

What is unique about protein structure?

Back 82

It contains four levels (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary) within its structure--the latter of which are the most important for its essential functions.

Front 83

Why is protein structure so important?

Back 83

The structure of each specific protein is essential to its specific function in the body. If the structure is changed even slightly, it can change the function of the protein, and it will not work properly as it should, possibly causing much damage to the body.

Front 84

What is the Primary level of the protein?

Back 84

The Amino acid sequence--the individual amino acids form together to make the protein chain.

Front 85

What is the secondary level of protein structure?

Back 85

The winding & zig-zag of the sequence.

Front 86

Describe the tertiary level of protein structure and its importance.

Back 86

It is the three dimensional folding & bending of the protein structure, and its side chains attract or repel each other to form its unique shape. This level determines the protein's very unique shape that must be maintained for its proper function.

Front 87

Describe the quaternary level of protein structure.

Back 87

More than one amino acid chain--proteins can have many of these (more than one).

Front 88

Fibrous protein examples and functions

Back 88

Collagen--most abundant structural protein found in body--hair, nails, skin, bones, tendons, etc.

Keratin--a tough water-resistant protein found in surface of skin, nails, and hair.

Front 89

Example of globular protein & its functions

Back 89

Hemoglobin--Made up of 4 amino acid chains, found inside red blood cells.

Front 90

What does the denaturation of a protein imply?

Back 90

That disruption or destruction of the secondary or tertiary levels of the protein structure, resulting in change in protein's function.

Front 91

Is denaturation irreversible? What causes it?

Back 91

It is sometimes irreversible, sometimes not--depends on situation. PH or temperature change can cause this to happen

(Ex. Frying an egg)

Front 92

What is an enzyme?

Back 92

Proteins that catalyze (speed up) reactions in the cell.

Front 93

What are some characteristics of Enzymes?

Back 93

Unchanging--must be in order to facilitate reactions

Specific for certain reactions--1 for each reaction.

Can be used over and over again (but only for specific reaction)

They are proteins (which means shape is essential for function-0cannot be changed at all or function changes)

Front 94

Most enzymes end in ____

Back 94

-ase.

Ex. Lactase (digests Lactose--sugar compound found in dairy products, milk.)
, Galactase, etc.

Front 95

What are some examples of Polysaccharides?

Back 95

Cellulose (not broken down by body)
Starches (carbs found in food)
Glycogen (Storage form of carbs in body--for energy use later)

Front 96

What are Prostaglandins?

Back 96

Type of fat made up of short fatty acid chains. Regulatory chemicals--regulates contraction of smooth muscle tissue, body temp, stomach acid, etc.

Front 97

What is the function of DNA?

Back 97

Stores genetic info that contains protein synthesis.

Front 98

Why does DNA control "who you are?"

Back 98

It controls all shape and physical characteristics of body.

Front 99

Function of RNA?

Back 99

performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA

Front 100

Nitrogenous bases

Back 100

Adenine, Thymine, Guamine, Cytosine (A, T, G, C)

Front 101

Structural differences between DNA & RNA?

Back 101

RNA consists of single chain of nucleotides, DNA has pairs of nucleotides.