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76 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Bone Tissue is...
- aka osseous tissue
- connective tissue
- continuously growing, remodeling, & repairing itself
- 18% of the body weight
How does bone tissue contribute to homeostasis of the body?
- provides support, protection, production of blood cells, & storage of minerals & triglycerides
Skeletal Cartilages (Definition)
- form of connective tissue
- chondrocytes in lacunae
- surrounded by ECM (holds H20 = spongy & resilient)
General Properties of Cartilage (3)
- lacks nerve fibers
- avascular
- perichondrium (dense irregular tissue; surrounds cartilage & provides nutrients)
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
- looks shiny/glossy on slide
- fibers are made of COLLAGEN only
- function = flexible and supportive
- where = costal, articular, respiratory, nasal
Elastic Cartilage
- fibers are collagen & abundant amounts of ELASTIC fibers
- function = more flexible than hyaline cartilage
- where = pinna of the ear & epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
- fibers are THICK COLLAGEN fibers
- function = most compressible & yet resistant
- where = pubic symphysis & intervertebral discs
How does cartilage grow? (2 ways)
- appositional growth (along the periphery)
- interstitial growth (from within)
List the functions of the skeletal system (6)
1. support
2. protection
3. assistance in movement by providing levers
4. mineral homeostasis
5. blood cell production
6. triglyceride storage
How does the skeletal system provide... support?
- structural framework for "soft tissues"
- point of attachment for tendons of skeletal muscles
How does the skeletal system provide... protection?
- protects the most important internal organs from injury
How does the skeletal system provide... assistance with movement by providing levers?
- skeletal muscles attach to bones
- when they contract, they pull on the bone to produce movement
How does the skeletal system provide... mineral homeostasis?
- bone tissue stores several minerals
- most important: calcium and phosphorus

(heart needs Ca +2)
How does the skeletal system provide... blood cell production?
- w/in certain bones, the RED BONE MARROW produces blood (WBC, RBC, & platelets)
- this process is called HEMO-PO-IE-SIS (hemopoiesis)
How does the skeletal system provide... triglyceride storage?
- in certain other adult bones, the YELLOW BONE MARROW (mostly adipose) stores triglycerides.
What are the 4 types of bone?
- long bone
- short bone
- flat bone
- irregular bone
What are the 7 parts of a long bone?
- diaphysis
- epiphyses
- metaphyses
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- medullary cavity
- endosteum
Diaphysis
- shaft or body of the bone
Epiphyses
- distal & proximal ends of the long bone
Metaphyses
- region where diaphysis joins epiphysis
- growing bones include an epiphyseal plate
Articular Cartilage
- thin layer of hyaline cartilage on epiphysis
- forms a protective layer where bone meets bone in an articulation
Periosteum
- tough sheath
- dense irregular tissue
- surrounds bone surface
- attached to bone via Sharpey's fibers (perforating fibers)
Medullary Cavity (aka marrow cavity)
- space w/in diaphysis
- contains the bone marrow
- red marrow is usually a young bone, yellow marrow is usually an adult bone
Endosteum
- thin membrane
- lines medullary cavity
What is the composition of the ECM of osseous tissue?
- 25% water
- 25% collagen fibers
- 50% crystallized mineral salts
What is the most abundant mineral salt in osseous tissue?
- calcium phosphate
- combines w/ calcium hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite (HYDR-OXY-APA-TITE)
1. Bones hardness depends on _______ _______ _______ _______.

2. Bones flexibility depends on _______ _______.
1. crystallized inorganic mineral salts

2. collagen fibers
What are the 4 cell types present in bone?
1. osteogenic cells
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts
Osteogenic Cells
- unspecialized stem cells
- derived from mesenchyme (MES-EN-CHYME) = tissue from which all connective tissues forms
- ** only bone cells that undergo cell division
Osteoblasts
- bone-building cells
- synthesize and secrete organic compounds & collagen fibers to build ECM
- initiate calcification
Osteocytes
- mature bone cells
- main cells in bone tissue
- maintain daily metabolism
- e.g exchange of nutrients & wastes w/ blood
Osteoclasts
- huge cells
- derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes
- release powerful lysosomal enzymes & acids
- digest protein & mineral components of the underlying bone matrix (resportion)
About ____% of the skeleton is compact bone.
18%
Compact Bone
- contains few spaces
- strongest form of bone
- found beneath periosteum of all bones
- makes up bulk of of the diaphysis of long bones
1. What 3 things penetrate compact bone via the periosteum?
2. How so?
3. What do they connect w/?
1. blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves
2. perforating Volkmann's canals
3. medullary cavity & Haversian canals
Haversian Canal of Compact Bone
- aka central canal
- runs longitudinally through the bone
Concentric Lamella of Compact Bone
- rings of calcified ECM (rings of a tree trunk)
- surrounds Haversian canal
Lacunae of Compact Bone
- spaces that contain the osteocytes
Radiating Canaliculi of Compact Bone
- tiny canals filled w/ fluid which connect the lacuna
Osteons (aka haverian sytems)
- components of compact bone arranged in repeating units

- components include:
1. central canal
2. concentrically arranged lamellae
3. lacuna
4. osteocytes
5. canaliculi
Osteons of compact bones and trabuculae of spongy bones tend to be aligned in the same direction as ______ __ _______.
- lines of stress
Spongy Bone does not contain _________.
- osteons
Spongy Bone Composition
- consists of lamallae arrange in an irregular lattice
- creates thin columns called trabeculae
- spaces b/w trabeculae make bones lighter & can be filled w/ marrow
- canaliculi radiate ouwtard from lacunae
Osteocytes of spongy bone receive nourishment from the _______ circulating through the _________ ________.
- directly from the blood
- medullary cavities
Spongy bone makes up most of the bone tissue of what 3 types of bone?
1. short
2. flat
3. irregular
Where can you find spongy bone on long bones?
- forms epiphyses
- narrow rim around the medullary cavity of the diaphysis
Ossification aka Osteogenesis
- the process by which bone forms
- 2 methods: intramembraneous & endochondrial
Intramembraneous Ossification (IO)
- occurs when bone forms directly w/in mesenchyme
- arranged in sheet-like layers that resemble membranes
Endochondrial Ossification (EO)
- occurs when bone forms w/in hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme
Appositional growth
- during childhood
- bones throughout the body grow in thickness
1. bones in the periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts
2. osteoblasts secrete ECM
3. osteoclasts in the endosteum destroy the bone tissue lining the medullary cavity, so it can grow as well.
Interstitial Growth
- during childhood
- long bones lengthen
- addition of bone material on diaphyseal side of epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal Plate
- part of metaphysis
- layer of hyaline cartilage (4 zones) of a growing bone

Zone of ________ cartilage
1. resting
2. proliferating
3. hypertrophic
4. calcified
5. zone of ossification.
Bone Remodeling
- ongoing replacement of old tissue by new bone tissue
- involves bone resorption (removal of minerals & collagen fibers by osteoclasts)
- bone deposition (by osteoblasts)
Factors For Normal Bone Metabolism
1. adequate dietary intake of minerals & vitamins
2. sufficient levels of certain hormones
What minerals are essential for normal bone metabolism?
- calcium & phosphorus
Bone metabolism:

Vitamin C
- needed to synthesize collagen
Bone metabolism:

Vitamin K & B
- needed for proteins synthesis
Bone metabolism:

Vitamin A
- stimulates osteoclasts
Bone metabolism:

Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF's)
1. stimulate osteoblasts
2. promote cell division
-> in the epiphyseal plate & periosteum
3. enhance protein synthesis
IGF's are produced in response to secretion of _________, which is produced by the _________ ___________.
- hGH (human growth hormone)
- pituitary gland
How does the thyroid hormone promote growth?
- stiumlates osteoblasts
How do sex hormones promote growth?
- at puberty, secrtion of sex hormones contributes greatly to osteoblast activity causing a growth spurt
Fracture
- any break in a bone
Fracture Repair
1. fracture hematoma
2. fibrocartilage callus
3. bony callus
4. bone remodelling
What are the types of fractures? (8)
1. close (simple)
2. open (compound)
3. comminuted
4. spiral
5. depressed
6. compression
7. epiphyseal
8. greenstick
How does bone play a role in calcium homeostasis?
- a major reservoir for calcium in the body
- parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland in response to low blood calcium levels (resorption of bone & release of Ca+2)
Calcitonin
- produced by the thyroid gland
- stiumlates bone formation w/ the storage of calcium in the bone matrix
Vitamin D (calcium homeostasis)
- enhances bone resportion
- raises the calcium level of the blood
Imbalances b/w bone ___________ and ____________ underlie all skeletal disorders.
- formation
- resorption
Osteomalcia & Rickets
- occur when bone is inadequately mineralized
- bones become soft & deformed
- most frequent cause is inadequate vitamin D
Osteoporosis
- any condition in which bone breakdown outpaces bone formation
- causes bone to become weak & porous
- postmenopausal women are particularly susceptible
Paget's disease
- characterized by excessive & abnormal bone remodeling
Osteogenesis is ___________ and ________ timed.
- predictably
- precisely
When does longitudinal bone growth stop?
- end of adolescence
- skeletal mass increases dramatically during pubery when formation exceeds resportion
Bone mass is _________ _______ during young adulthood, but beginning in the 40's bone ___________ exceeds _________.
- fairly constant
- resportion
- formation