A&p I - Ch.4

Front 1

_________ tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. This tissue allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environments.

Back 1

Epithelial

Front 2

__________ tissue protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissues bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease-causing organisms.

Back 2

Connective

Front 3

______________ tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. In the process, muscular tissue generates heat that warms the body.

Back 3

Muscular

Front 4

________________ tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

Back 4

Nervous

Front 5

Normally, most cells within a tissue remain anchored to other cells or structures. Only a few cells, such as _________, move freely through the body, searching for invaders to destroy.

Back 5

phagocytes

Front 6

biopsy

Back 6

is the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination.

Front 7

______ are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

Back 7

Cell junctions

Front 8

5 Types of Cell Junctions

Back 8

tight junctions

adherens junctions

desmosomes

hemidesmosomes

gap junctions

Front 9

Most ______ cells and some ______ and ______ cells contain cell junctions

Back 9

epithelial

muscle

nerve

Front 10

_____inhibit the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues.

Back 10

Tight Junctions

Front 11

_________ consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells

Back 11

Tight junctions

Front 12

_______ contain plaqu, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Transmembrane glycoproteins called ________ join the cells

Back 12

Adherens junctions

cadherins

Front 13

In epithelial cells, _________ junctions often form extensive zones called adhesion belts

Back 13

adherens

Front 14

_______ help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, as when food moves through the intestines.

Back 14

Adherens junctions

Front 15

_______ contain plaque and have cadherins that extend into the intercellular space and attach cells to one another. However, the plaque does not attach to microfilaments. Instead, it attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments (made of keratin)

Back 15

desmosomes

Front 16

______ prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.

Back 16

Desmosomes

Front 17

The intermediate filaments extend from ______ on one side of the cell across the cytosol to ____ on the opposite side of the cell. This structural arrangement contributes to the stability of the cells and tissue

Back 17

desmosomes

Front 18

________ resemble desmosomes, but they do not link adjacent cells. However, the transmembrane glycoproteins in ________ are _______ rather than cadherins.

Back 18

Hemidesmosomes

hemidesmosomes

integrins

Front 19

On the inside of the plasma membrane, ______ attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin. On the outside of the plasma membrane, the __________ attach to the protein ________, which is present in the basement membrane.

Back 19

integrins

integrins

laminin

Front 20

________ anchor cells not to each other but to the basement membrane

Back 20

hemidesmosomes

Front 21

At ________, membrane proteins called ______ form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called _______ that connect neighboring cells

Back 21

gap junctions

connexins

connexons

Front 22

______ allow the cells in a tissue to communicate with one another

Back 22

Gap junctions

Front 23

The transfer of nutrients, and perhaps wastes, takes place through ________in avascular tissues such as the lens and cornea of the eye

Back 23

gap junctions

Front 24

_________ also enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells, a process that is crucial for the normal operation of some parts of the nervous system and for the contraction of muscle in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and uterus.

Back 24

Gap junctions

Front 25

Through the __________, ions and small molecules can diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to another, but the passage of large molecules such as vital intracellular proteins is prevented

Back 25

connexons

Front 26

Major Structural Differences Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues

Back 26

• Connective Tissue has more extracellular matrix
• Epithelial is avascular, Connective is vascular
• Epithelial almost always covers surface area and is not covered by another tissue (except in blood vessels where blood passes over)
  

Front 27

What relationship between epithelial tissue and connective tissue is important for the survival and function of epithelial tissues?

Back 27

Since epithelial tissue is avascular, it depends on blood vessels in connective tissue for oxygen, nutrients, and waste disposal.

Front 28

3 Major Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Back 28

• selective barrier for transfer of substances into and out of the body
• secretory surface that releases products produced by the cells onto its free surfaces
• protective surface that resists the abrasive influences of the environment.

Front 29

______ surface of an epithelial cell faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions. May contain cilia or microvilli

Back 29

apical

Front 30

The ______ surfaces of an epithelial cell, which face the adjacent cells on either side, may contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions

Back 30

lateral

Front 31

The ____________ surface of an epithelial cell is opposite the apical surface. The ______ surfaces of the deepest layer of epithelial cells adhere to extracellular materials such as the ________.

Back 31

basal

basal

basement membrane.

Front 32

In discussing epithelia with multiple layers, the term _______ refers to the most superficial layer of cells, and the _____ is the deepest layer of cells.

Back 32

apical layer

basal layer

Front 33

The basement membrane is found between an _______ tissue and a __________ tissue.

Back 33

epithelial

connective

Front 34

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

Back 34

• attaches to and provides physical support for the epithelial tissue
• form a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth and wound healing
• restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue
• participate in filtration of blood in the kidneys

Front 35

Basement membrane

Back 35

Thin, extracellular layer between epithelium and connective tissue consisting of a basal lamina and a reticular lamina.

Front 36

The ______ of basement membrane is closer to—and secreted by—the epithelial cells. It contains proteins such as laminin and collagen, as well as glycoproteins and proteoglycans

Back 36

basal lamina

Front 37

The _______ of basement membrane is closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains proteins such as collagen produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts

Back 37

reticular lamina

Front 38

5 Most important roles of Epithelial Tissue

Back 38

• protection
• filtration
• secretion
• absorption
• excretion.

Front 39

2 Groups of Epithelial Tissue

Back 39

• Covering and lining epithelium
• Glandular epithelium

Front 40

_____ epithelium forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. It also forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Back 40

Covering and lining

Front 41

___________ makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands.

Back 41

Glandular epithelium

Front 42

Simple epithelium

Back 42

is a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption

Front 43

_____________ is the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes

Back 43

Secretion

Front 44

______ is the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract.

Back 44

Absorption

Front 45

Pseudostratified epithelium

Back 45

appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface; it is actually a simple epithelium because all its cells rest on the basement membrane. Cells that do extend to the apical surface may contain cilia; others (goblet cells) secrete mucus.

Front 46

Stratified epithelium

Back 46

consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear.

Front 47

3 Arrangements of cell layers in epithelial tissue

Back 47

• Simple epithelium
• Pseudostratified epithelium
• Stratified epithelium

Front 48

4 Cell shapes in epithelial tissue

Back 48

• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Transitional
  

Front 49

_______ cells are thin, which allows for the rapid passage of substances through them.

Back 49

Squamous

Front 50

______ cells are as tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons. They may have ______ at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption.

Back 50

Cuboidal

microvilli

Front 51

______ cells are much taller than they are wide, like columns, and protect underlying tissues. Their apical surfaces may have ____ or _____, and they often are specialized for ________.

Back 51

Columnar

cilia

microvilli

secretion and absorption

Front 52

________ cells change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the ______ stretch (distend) to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size.

Back 52

Transitional

urinary bladder

Front 53

_______ and ______ are the bases for classifying covering and lining epithelium

Back 53

Cell shapes

arrangement of layers

Front 54

4 types of Simple epithelium

Back 54

• Simple squamous epithelium
• Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Simple columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated)
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated)

Front 55

4 types of Stratified epithelium

Back 55

• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Stratified cuboidal epithelium
• Stratified columnar epithelium
• Transitional epithelium

Front 56

What are the two types of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

Back 56

• keratinized, when surface cells are dead and become hardened
• nonkeratinized, when surface cells remain alive

Front 57

Identify tissue: Present at sites of filtration (such as blood filtration in kidneys) or diffusion (such as diffusion of oxygen into blood vessels of lungs) and at site of secretion in serous membranes. Not found in body areas subject to mechanical stress (wear and tear).

Back 57

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 58

Identify tissue: Covers surface of ovary; lines anterior surface of capsule of lens of the eye; lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands; makes up secreting portion of some glands such as thyroid gland and ducts of some glands such as pancreas. Main function Secretion and absorption

Back 58

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 59

The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

Back 59

Endothelium

Front 60

The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines serous membranes.

Back 60

Mesothelium

Front 61

Identify tissue: lines the cardiovascular and lymphatic system, where it is known as endothelium. Forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium), where it is called mesothelium. Also found in air sacs of lungs, glomerular (Bowman's) capsule of kidneys, inner surface of tympanic membrane (eardrum).

Back 61

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 62

Identify tissue: Lines gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder. Secreted mucus lubricates linings of digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and most of urinary tract; helps prevent destruction of stomach lining by acidic gastric juice secreted by stomach. Secretion and absorption

Back 62

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

Front 63

Identify tissue: Lines some bronchioles (small tubes) of respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of brain.

Back 63

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Front 64

Identify tissue: Cilia beat in unison, moving mucus and foreign particles toward throat, where they can be coughed up and swallowed or spit out. Coughing and sneezing speed up movement of cilia and mucus. Cilia also help move oocytes expelled from ovaries through uterine (fallopian) tubes into uterus.

Back 64

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Front 65

Identify tissue: Ciliated variety lines airways of most of upper respiratory tract; nonciliated variety lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra. Ciliated variety secretes mucus that traps foreign particles, and cilia sweep away mucus for elimination from body; nonciliated variety functions in absorption and protection.

Back 65

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 66

Keratin

Back 66

An insoluble protein found in the hair, nails, and other keratinized tissues of the epidermis.

Front 67

Identify tissue: Keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin; nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces (lining of mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, and vagina) and covers tongue. Protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion. Both types form first line of defense against microbes.

Back 67

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 68

Identify tissue: Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands, part of male urethra. Protection; limited secretion and absorption.

Back 68

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 69

Identify tissue: Lines part of urethra; large excretory ducts of some glands, such as esophageal glands; small areas in anal mucous membrane; part of conjunctiva of eye. Protection and secretion.

Back 69

stratified columnar epithelium

Front 70

Identify tissue: Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra. Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing.

Back 70

Transitional epithelium

Front 71

A cytological staining test for the detection and diagnosis of premalignant and malignant conditions of the female genital tract. Cells scraped from the epithelium of the cervix of the uterus are examined microscopically.

Back 71

Papanicolaou test

Front 72

Specialized epithelial cell or cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood in the absence of ducts; may be exocrine or endocrine.

Back 72

Gland

Front 73

Endocrine Gland

Back 73

A gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland.

Front 74

Identify Gland: Examples include pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands near larynx (voice box), adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas near stomach, ovaries in pelvic cavity, testes in scrotum, thymus in thoracic cavity. Hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis.

Back 74

Endocrine Glands

Front 75

Identify Gland: Sweat, oil, and earwax glands of skin; digestive glands such as salivary glands (secrete into mouth cavity) and pancreas (secretes into small intestine). Produce substances such as sweat to help lower body temperature, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes.

Back 75

Exocrine Glands

Front 76

Exocrine gland

Back 76

A gland that secretes its products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body.

Front 77

The secretions of _________ glands have limited effects and some of them would be harmful if they entered the bloodstream. As you will learn later in the text, some glands of the body, such as the pancreas, ovaries, and testes, are mixed glands that contain both endocrine and exocrine tissue.

Back 77

exocrine

Front 78

Exocrine glands are classified as

Back 78

unicellular or multicellular

Front 79

______ glands are single-celled glands. Goblet cells are important _______ exocrine glands that secrete mucus directly onto the apical surface of a lining epithelium

Back 79

unicellular

Front 80

Most exocrine glands are ___________ glands, composed of __________ that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ. Examples include sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), and salivary glands.

Back 80

multicellular

many cells

Front 81

Two criteria used to categorized multicellular glands

Back 81

(1) whether their ducts are branched or unbranched and

(2) the shape of the secretory portions of the gland

Front 82

If the duct of the gland does not branch, it is a _______ gland

Back 82

simple

Front 83

If the duct branches, it is a ________ gland

Back 83

compound

Front 84

Glands with tubular secretory parts are _______ glands

Back 84

tubular

Front 85

glands with rounded secretory portions are _____ glands, also called alveolar glands

Back 85

acinar

Front 86

_______ glands have both tubular and more rounded secretory parts

Back 86

Tubuloacinar

Front 87

5 Types of Simple Glands

Back 87

• Simple tubular
• Simple branched tubular
• Simple coiled tubular
• Simple acinar
• Simple branched acinar
  

Front 88

3 Types of Compound Glands

Back 88

• Compound tubular
• Compound acinar
• Compound tubuloacinar
  

Front 89

The functional classification of exocrine glands is based on _________

Back 89

how their secretions are released

Front 90

Secretions of ______ ________are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. Most exocrine glands of the body are ______ . Examples include the salivary glands and pancreas.

Back 90

merocrine glands

Front 91

_______ accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell. Then, that portion of the cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of the cell to release the secretion. The cell repairs itself and repeats the process. (mechanism of secretion of milk fats in the mammary gland)

Back 91

Apocrine glands

Front 92

The cells of ______ accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol. As the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product. Because the cell ruptures in this mode of secretion, the secretion contains large amounts of lipids from the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. Sloughed off cell is replaced by a new cell. (sebaceous gland of the skin.)

Back 92

holocrine glands

Front 93

The functional classification of ________ is based on whether a secretion is a product of a cell or consists of an entire or a partial glandular cell.

Back 93

exocrine glands