Ap Human Geography Final Exam

Front 1

Urban sprawl

Back 1

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing build-up area

Front 2

Why have factories moved to the suburbs?

Back 2

1. More space
2. Cheaper land
3. Truck access

Front 3

Centric zone model

Back 3

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

Front 4

Sector model

Back 4

Model of the internal structures of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district

Front 5

Multiple nuclei model

Back 5

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

Front 6

European city demographics

Back 6

Cities built on or around old monumental building and more in suburbs

Front 7

Urbanization

Back 7

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people lviing in urban settlements

Front 8

Hinterland

Back 8

(Market area)

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services

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Range

Back 9

(Of a service)

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

Front 10

Threshold

Back 10

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Front 11

Gravity model

Back 11

A model that holds the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

Front 12

Rank size rule

Back 12

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

Front 13

Market center

Back 13

Location/distribution influenced by site (land, labor, and capitol) and situation (transportation, $) factors

Front 14

Great lakes manufacturing

Back 14

1. Steel
2. Hub of US transportation network
3. Automobile manufacturing

Front 15

CBDs services

Back 15

*Retail= services with high threshold, a high range, or serve downtown workers

*Business= offices cluster in center for accessibility

Front 16

Where have US auto plants located and why?

Back 16

In suburbs for maximum distribution with low transportation costs

Front 17

Central business district

Back 17

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

Front 18

Bulk-gaining industry

Back 18

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the outputs

Front 19

Where is the US steel industry located and why? (mid 1800s)

Back 19

Pittsburgh- ore and coal mines

Front 20

Where is the US steel industry located and why? (late 1800s)

Back 20

Ohio- iron in Mesabi range

Front 21

Where is the US steel industry located and why? (1900s)

Back 21

East and West coats- transportation

Front 22

Where is the US steel industry located and why? (Recent)

Back 22

Mostly closed (S. Lake Michigan)

Front 23

Significant industrial assets of the western great lakes region?

Back 23

Good transportation and it has iron ore and coal

Front 24

Industrial revolution

Back 24

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Front 25

Where did the IR begin?

Back 25

England, S. Scotland, in part because the region during the late 18th century contained a remarkable concentration of innovative engineers and mechanics

Front 26

Why has ranching declined in the US southwest?

Back 26

The land can't support the animals once we changed to fixed-location ranching. They needed water and crops to eat. Also, transporting was difficult because they couldn't travel long distances

Front 27

Crop rotation

Back 27

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

Front 28

Double cropping

Back 28

Harvesting twice a year from the same field

Front 29

Pastoral nomads

Back 29

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

Front 30

Von Thunen model

Back 30

Front 31

Why do unique types of agriculture develop?

Back 31

They developed to suit the climate, limited knowledge, and culture

Front 32

Vegetative planting

Back 32

Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants

Front 33

Indicators of development

Back 33

- GDP
-Economic structure
-Worker productivity
-Access to raw materials
-Availability of consumer goods

Front 34

Value added

Back 34

The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy

Front 35

Why are MDCs more productive?

Back 35

They have acess to more machines, tools, and equipment

Front 36

Tertiary sector

Back 36

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communication, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment

Front 37

Primary sector

Back 37

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry

Front 38

Per capita GDP is a good indicator of what?

Back 38

The economic development of a country

Front 39

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Back 39

The value of the total output of goods and services produces in a country in a given time period (normally 1 year)

Front 40

What does development refer to?

Back 40

A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

Front 41

Frontier vs. Boundary

Back 41

Frontier is a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control

Boundary is an invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

Front 42

Colony

Back 42

A territory that is legally ties to a sovereignty rather than completely independent

Front 43

The Fertile Crescent

Back 43

An area between the Persian gulf/Mediterranean sea
-Mesopotamia
-Center for communication in ancient times

Front 44

Nation

Back 44

Culturally defined group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to a territory and government

Front 45

State

Back 45

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs

Front 46

Race

Back 46

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor

Front 47

Ethnic identity

Back 47

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions

Front 48

Triangular slave trade system

Back 48

A practice, primarily during the 18th century, in which European ship s transported slaves from African to Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa

Front 49

Apartheid

Back 49

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separates different races into different geographic areas

Front 50

Nationalism

Back 50

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Front 51

Centripetal force

Back 51

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Front 52

Nation-state

Back 52

Loyalty and devotion to a particular rationality

Front 53

Self-determination

Back 53

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Front 54

Hierarchical religion

Back 54

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

Front 55

Daoism

Back 55

Emphasized mystical and magical aspects of life rather than the importance of public service
*Banned by communists

Front 56

Confucianism

Back 56

-Follow traditions
-Fulfilling obligations
-Treat others with sympathy and respect

Front 57

Islam

Back 57

-Monotheistic (1 God)
-Muhammed (messenger of God)
-Gives to charity
-Fasting during month of Ramadan
-Muslims pray facing Mecca 5 times daily
-Makes pilgrimage to Mecca

Front 58

Lutheranism

Back 58

Christian denomination

Front 59

Universalizing religion

Back 59

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

Front 60

Sect

Back 60

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Front 61

Branch

Back 61

(Of a religion)

A large and fundamental division within a religion