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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
adaptive strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses itsparticular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to providethe necessities of life--- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
agrarian
characteristic of farmers or their way of life
agribusiness
highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usuallyunder corporate ownership.
agricultural landscape
the cultural landscape of agricultural areas.
agriculture location model
deals with both the location - allocationprocess of land uses by farmers, and the spatial organization of agriculturalland uses. The major term in its classical versions is economic rent relatingto some form of surplus. Von Thünen's theory emphasized distance from farmto market as well as transport costs, yield, market prices, and productioncosts as rent determinants. Modern versions of the theory provided simplemodels which relate explicitly to transportation costs. The theory has beencriticized mainly for its many limiting assumptions.
agriculture
the cultivation of domesticated crops and theraising of domesticated animals
animal domestication
animals kept for some utilitarian purpose whosebreeding is controlled by humans and whose survival is dependent on humans;differ genetically and behaviorally from wild animals.
aquaculture
the cultivation of aquatic organisms (as fish orshellfish) especially for food
biotechnology
means any technological application that usesbiological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modifyproducts or processes for specific use.
collective farm
regards a system of agricultural organizationwhereas farm laborers are not compensated via wages. Rather, the workersreceive a share of the farm's net productivity. The Soviet Unionundertook the world's first campaign of mass collectivization from 1929-1933.
commercial agriculture
term used to describe large scale farming andranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment,factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.
intensive agriculture
expenditure of much labor and capital on a pieceof land to increase its productivity.
extensive agriculture

use oflittle labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity.

crop rotation
the practice of rotating use of different fieldsfrom crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
dairying
a class of agricultural, or more properly, ananimal husbandry enterprise, raising female cattle, goats, or certain otherlactating livestock for long-term production of milk, which may be eitherprocessed onsite or transported to a dairy for processing and eventual retailsale.
debt-for-nature swap

an agreement between a developing nation in debtand one or more of its creditors. Many developing nations are severely limitedby huge debts they have accrued. In a debt for nature swap, creditors agree toforgive debts in return for the promise of environmental protection. First established in the 1980s in the attempt of solving two problems with oneagreement: 1) minimize the negative effect debt has on developing nations 2)minimize the environmental destruction that developing nations frequentlycause. The environmental promises made in such debt for nature swaps havecentered around the promised protection of large areas of land such as tropicalrain forests. The first case of this sort of agreement came in 1987 between aconservation group and Bolivia. The conservation group paid some ofBolivia's debt in return for the creation of a large rain forest preserve.

double cropping
a second crop is planted after the first hasbeen harvested
primary activities
the extraction of natural resources, such asagriculture, lumbering, and mining.
secondary activities
the processing of raw materials into finishedproducts; manufacturing.
tertiary activities
associated with the provision of services---such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-basedjobs.
quaternary activities

service sector industries concerned with thecollection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examplesinclude finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

quinary activities
service sector industries that require a highlevel of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientificresearch and high-level management.
environmental modification
changes made to the environment. e.g., the useof pesticides to grow crops and the effects it has on the soil and environment;soil erosion and desertification caused by changes made to the environment.
shifting cultivation (slash and burn)

cultivation of crops in tropical forestclearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting andburning. the clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor ofnewly cleared forest land. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture.

milpa

a crop-growing system in the Yucatán peninsulaarea of Mexico. The word is borrowed from the Aztec, meaning "field".Based on ancient Mayan agricultural methods, it produces maize, beans, limabeans and squash. The cycle calls for 2 years of cultivation and eight years ofletting the area lie fallow. Agronomists believe that, at current levels ofconsumption, the system is self-sustaining.

swidden
a patch of land cleared for planting thoroughslashing and burning.
nomadic herding/ pastoralism
the continual movement of livestock in search offorage for animals.
feedlot
a factory like farm devoted to either livestockfattening or dairying; all feed is imported and no crops are grown on the farm.
first agricultural revolution
Dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plantdomestication and animal domestication.
fishing
the activity of hunting for fish by hooking,trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe inwater or pass their lives in water. By extension, the term fishing is appliedto pursuing other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish, squid,octopus, turtles, frogs, and some edible marine invertebrates.
food chain

the feeding relationships between species in abiotic community.

forestry

the art, science, and practice of studying andmanaging forests and plantations, and related natural resources.

Green Revolution
the recent introduction of high-yield hybridcrops and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into traditional Asianagricultural systems, most notably paddy rice farming, with attendant increasesin production and ecological damage.
growing season
the period of each year when crops can be grown.It is usually determined by climate and crop selection. Depending on thelocation, temperature, daylight hours (photo period), and rainfall, may all becritical environmental factors.
hunting and gathering
the killing of wild game and the harvesting ofwild plants to provide food in traditional cultures.
intensive subsistence agriculture

farming to supply the minimum food andmaterials necessary to survive.

livestock ranching
a commercial type of agriculture that producesfattened cattle and hogs for meat.
market gardening
the relatively small-scale production of fruits,vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers andrestaurants. It is distinguishable from other types of farming by the diversityof crops grown on a small area of land, typically, from under one acre (4,000m?) to a few acres, or sometimes in greenhouses.
Mediterranean agriculture

accounts for virtually all olive oil producedworldwide, 60% of wine production, 45% of grape production, 25% of dried nuts(mostly almonds, chestnuts, and walnuts), 20% of citrus production, and about12% of total cereal production.

mineral fuels
Fossil Fuels are hydrocarbons,primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plantsand animals.
mining
the extraction of valuable minerals or othergeological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body,vein, or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal,copper, gold, silver, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel,phosphate, oil shale, rock salt, tin, uranium, and molybdenum. Any materialthat cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially in alaboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense can alsoinclude extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and even water.
paddy rice farming
the cultivation of rice on a paddy, or smallflooded field enclosed by mud dikes, practiced in the humid areas of the FarEast.
planned economy

economic system in which a single agency makesall decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services; thestate or government controls the factors of production and makes all decisionsabout their use and about the distribution of income, also known as a commandeconomy.

plant domestication
deliberately planted and tended by humans thatis genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selectivebreeding.
plantation agriculture
a systemof monoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts ofland and capital; originally dependent on slave labor.
nonrenewable

a resource that must be depleted to be used,such as petroleum

dispersed
a type of settlement form where people liverelatively distant from each other.
nucleated
a relatively dense settlement form.
Carl Sauer
conductedpioneering research on the origins and dispersal of plant and animaldomestication, was one of the first t propose that the process of domesticationwas independently invented at many different times and locations. He believedthat domestication did not develop in response to hunger. He maintained thatnecessity was not the mother of agricultural invention, because starving peoplemust spend every waking hour searching for food and have no time to devote tothe centuries of leisurely experimentation required to domesticate plants.
Second agricultural revolution
Dovetailing with and benefiting from theIndustrial Revolution, it witnessed improved methods of cultivation,harvesting, and storage of farm produce.
suitcase farm
In American commercial grain agriculture, a farmon which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratorycrews.
longlots
Distinct regional approach to land surveyingfound in Atlantic Canada, Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is dividedinto narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals.
metes and bounds
a system of land surveying east of theAppalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of landownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of theimprecise nature of this surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned thetechnique in favor of the rectangular survey system.
township-and-range
a rectangular land division scheme designed byThomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior,also called rectangular survey system
Third agricultural revolution (mechanization,chemical farming, food manufacturing)
Currently in progress, it has as its principalorientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
“Tragedy of the commons”
class ofsocial trap that involve a conflict over resources between individual interestsand the common good. The term derives originally from a parable published byWilliam Forster Lloyd in his 1833 book on population.
Transhumance

a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralistsand their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

Truck farm

commercial gardening and fruit farming, sonamed because the word was a Middle English word meaning bartering or theexchange of commodities.

Von Thünen, Johann Heinrich
German scholar-farmer who developed the core-peripherymodel in the nineteenth century (economic determinism). In his model heproposed an “isolated state” that had no trade connections with the outsideworld; possessed only one market, located centrally in the state; and haduniform soil, climate, and level terrain throughout. He created this model tostudy the influence of distance from market and the concurrent transport costson the type and intensity of agriculture.