Ap Human Geography Chapter 10 Vocab

Front 1

Commodity Chain

Back 1

Series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is on world market

Front 2

Developing

Back 2

Relating to societies in which capital needed to industrialize is in short supply

Front 3

Per capita GNI

Back 3

The Gross National Product of a given country divided by its population

Front 4

Formal Economy

Back 4

Legal economy that's taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy

Front 5

Informal Economy

Back 5

Economic activity that's neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and isn't included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

Front 6

Modernization Model

Back 6

Model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption

Front 7

Context

Back 7

Circumstances of a situation; environment

Front 8

Neo-colonialism

Back 8

Process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress", but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure

Front 9

Structuralist Theory

Back 9

General term for a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system

Front 10

Dependency Theory

Back 10

Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Front 11

Dollarization

Back 11

When a poorer country ties the value of its currency to that of a wealthier country, or when its abandons its currency and adopts the wealthier country's currency as its own

Front 12

World-systems Theory

Back 12

Wallerstein's theory of the core, semi periphery, periphery, and external areas. The core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. Semi periphery was the buffer between the core and periphery. periphery are states that lack strong central gov'ts or are controlled by other states. External areas are states that maintained their own economic system and for the most part, remained outside of the capitalist world economy

Front 13

Three-tier Structure

Back 13

With reference to Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory, the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy

Front 14

Millennium Development Goals

Back 14

Eight international development goals that 192 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. They include reducing extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for development

Front 15

Trafficking

Back 15

When a family sends a child or an adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that the labor recruiter will send money, and the family member will earn money to send home

Front 16

Structural Adjustment Loans

Back 16

Loans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary fund to countries in the periphery and the semi periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country

Front 17

Neoliberalism

Back 17

Strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy

Front 18

Vectored Diseases

Back 18

Disease carried from one host to another by an intermediate host

Front 19

Malaria

Back 19

Disease caused by mosquitos implanting parasites in the blood

Front 20

Export Processing Zones

Back 20

Zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

Front 21

Maquiladoras

Back 21

Term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods

Front 22

Special Economic Zones

Back 22

Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

Front 23

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Back 23

Agreement signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 1992 to form the largest free trade zone in the world

Front 24

Desertification

Back 24

Gradual transformation of habitable land into desert

Front 25

Island of Development

Back 25

Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

Front 26

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

Back 26

International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues

Front 27

Micro-credit Program

Back 27

Program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businesses

Front 28

Birth Rate (BR)

Back 28

Number of births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

Front 29

Death Rate (DR)

Back 29

Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a population in a given year

Front 30

Primary Activity

Back 30

Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment, such as mining, agriculture, and fishing

Front 31

Secondary Activity

Back 31

Processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products, manufacturing

Front 32

Tertiary Activity

Back 32

Economic activity associated with the provision of services, such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and office-based jobs

Front 33

Quaternary Activity

Back 33

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital

Front 34

Human Development Index (HDI)

Back 34

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy statistics

Front 35

Gross National Income (GNI)

Back 35

Monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country

Front 36

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Back 36

Market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time

Front 37

Gross National Product (GNP)

Back 37

Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year

Front 38

Less Developed Country (LDC)

Back 38

Country that's at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

Front 39

Per Capita Income (PCI)

Back 39

Amount of money earned in one year in a nation by an average person

Front 40

Newly-Industrialized Country (NIC)

Back 40

Subgroup of developing countries that have experienced rapid industrialization of their economies

Front 41

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

Back 41

Composite indicator of development composed from life expectancy, literacy rate, and infant mortality

Front 42

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Back 42

Annual rate of population growth

Front 43

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Back 43

Measurement of what the same amount of money buys in different countries

Front 44

More Developed Country (MDC)

Back 44

Country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development

Front 45

Literacy Rate (LR)

Back 45

Percentage of people that can read and write in a given population

Front 46

Life Expectancy (LE)

Back 46

Figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Front 47

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Back 47

Number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population