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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
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What were the four reasons the Industrial Revolution took place in England? |
1. It had an economy of abundance 2. Climate of Opinion 3. Increasing Markets 4. Technological Advances |
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Why was cotton so popular? |
· Factories became profitable, and more were developed. · Cotton became a huge industry as decreased prices led to increased demand. · Cotton was light, suitable for all climates, cheap, washable, and could be mixed with other materials. |
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What was cottage industry? |
This was when people from the countryside took rawwool and spun it to make it into material for money. The industrial revolution impacted it because a series of inventions aided the development of the industry with new technologies. |
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How did the industrial revolution impact the cottage industry? |
The first outbreak from a rural, handicraft economy to an urban machine, driven by a manufacturing economy. By the mid-18th Century Europe was - Predominantly agricultural - Had an illiterate majority - Living near the sight of birth |
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Reasons for the Industrial Revolution (but Why) |
1. Its merchants and men of commerce were the world’s foremost traders and manufacturers. Their activities allowed it to take place.
2. European trade over the world increased markets developed colonies. 3. Population growth let to an increased market. It provided a pool of labor for manufactured goods both at home and in factories. |
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Why was the Industrial Revolution delayed on the continent? |
1. Lack of transport and materials. 2. Lack of entrepreneurial spirit. 3. The effects of wars. 4. The lack of technicians. |
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What was the social impact of the industrial revolution? |
- It brought about the factory system, which led millions to try migrating from the country and small towns to the cities - Led to adapting to new lifestyles, urbanization and class consciousness - Exponential population growth - Worsening conditions in rural areas- Overpopulation led to underemployment, poverty,hunger, and epidemic disease combined with poor harvests - Agricultural capitalism compounded the problems of the poor. It produced dislocation and hardships - Urbanization allowed people to have greater access to transportation in cities and more workers in cities -->> 1st time people worked outside the local environment of their homes - There was severe overcrowding in cities leading to unhealthy conditions - Child labour and abuse of the workers due to few rights and poor conditions |
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What was the Middle Class Worldview and its proponents and opponents? |
- Were aware of the many social problems they were creating in the industrial - No one was certain what the factory system and urbanization might eventually produce - The Middle Class was responsible for having wrenched European society out of old patterns of living and thrust into new ones - Not so simple for them to reconcile their affluence with the poverty they treated - Had a compulsion to rationalize their own prosperity and legitimize their ascendency over the urban working poor - Poverty and crime were linked together by the Middle Class, and poverty became seen as criminal - Adopted a “laissez-faire” (no governmentinterference in the free operation of the economy) policy - Sought natural laws to govern business- Used theories of political economists to supporttheir interests. Although they often did not actually read the theories, ratherthey read summaries or newspaper accounts |
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Adam Smith: |
“laissez faire” “physiocrat” sustained middle class respect for individual enterprise. Hands off. |
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David Ricardo |
- whole writings embodied principles of appealing to businessmen who desired a free hand to remark the economies of their countries (iron ways of law). Economic individualism people must be allowed to do what they like as long as they don’t trespass upon equal rights of others to do the same (laissez faire). --->> Wages seek a level which is just sufficient to enable workers. |
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Thomas Malthus |
argued that nature had set stubborn limits to mankind. The populationwas growing exponentially. Helped shift the responsibility for poverty from society to the individual, a shift appealing to the middle class, which wished to be freed from the urban unemployment |
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Jeremy Bentham |
- (utilitarian) argued against the 18thCentury notion that a satisfactory theory of social order could be grounded ina belief in the natural harmony of human interest. - Lookedatthe value of utility “greatest good for the greatest number”. - To suppose that a stable and beneficent society could emerge unassisted from a company of self-interested egos was to suppose the impossible. |
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John Stuart Mill |
(utilitarian) he rejected the universality of economic lowest. He insisted that distribution of wealth can be regulated by society for benefit of society. |
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What was the Sadler Report?
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- The Sadler Report was a report written in 1832 by Michael Sadler. The document purported to expose the substandard working conditions of children working in textile factories as well as women. ---The immediate effect of the investigation andthe report was the passage of the Act of 1833 limiting hours of employment for women and children in textile work. |
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Describe Marxism as developed by Karl Marx.
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Marx, was a scientific socialist, and believed the real nature of class conflict. He thought that revolution was necessary to bring about economic and social change. Beginning in the late 1800s, Russian socialists embraced Marxism which led to a revolution of communist inspired governments.
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What was Nationalism? |
A sentiment rooted in broad historical, geographical, linguistic, or cultural circumstances. It is characterized by a consciousness of belonging in a group,to a tradition derived from those circumstances, which differs from the traditions of other groups.
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What was romanticism and how was it connected to nationalism ? |
Romanticism: insisted that individualism was inherited, thus tied to the celebration of the past, and thus its link to nationalism. - Romanticism and nationalism took separate causes in England, but joined together in Germany. - Connected by the common belief that the past should be made to function as a means of understanding the present planning for the future. |
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Who was Bismarck and what were his steps to German Unification? |
- Otto Von Bismarck was the man who brought Germany under Prussian rule. Bismarck was under “master” builder. Prussians were put first, sought a union of Prussia and Germany inevitable. |
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Bismarck's steps to German Unification |
He was a realist, and developed the concept of “Realpolitik” the politics of reality. 1. Eliminate Austria from its commanding position in the German confederacy. 2. Courting the Masses. 3. France Prussian War |
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What was the international competition between Britain and Germany? |
- Britain and Germany were locked in industrial competition. By 1914, Germany and the United States were out producing Britain in many areas. - Germany industry began exporting to the rest of the world, into what were once exclusive British markets. |
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Imperialism |
Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic,or cultural life of another country or region |
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Causes/ Factors Towards Imperialism |
Europe had little influence on the lives of the people in China, India, or Africa, from 1500-1800, but after 1800 it had an impact because Europe now: - Had considerable power - Had strong centrally governed nation-states - Enriched economies Economic Interests - National resources - Markets - Enriched consumers Political and Military Interests - Merchant ships and navies needed bases got coal and supplies - Nationalism, created a need for national security and prestige Humanitarian Goods- Concern for their “little brothers” beyond the seas - Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread blessings of western civilization, including its medicine, law, and Christian religion Social Darwinism The idea of a civilizing mission was a growing sense in the West of racial superiority. - Many westerners embraced the ideas of social Darwinism, arguing that European races were superior to all others. - Imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human species |
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Agricultural Captialism |
- compounded the problems of the poor and produced dislocation and hardships. Had 3 requirements: 2) That land must be in the hands of those with the capital to develop it 3) Thata mobile force of agricultural laborers be ready to work it at the capitalists behest |
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Laissez-Faire |
Middle class worldview policy stating No government interference in the free operation of the economy |
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Realpolitik |
A diplomatic stle developed by Prussian Chancellow Otto von Bismarck. (politics moved to meet time --> politics of reality) It had 4 characteristics: 1. Nationalism 2. The End justifies the Means 3. Authoritarian Absolutism 4. Militarism |
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Eli Whitney |
An American inventor who created the cotton gin and pushed the “interchangeable parts” mode of production. |
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Fredrich Engels |
German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism. They coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848) |
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Proletariat |
These are the impoversihed/ poor class of people outlined in Karl Marx's theory ("have-nots"). He believed in having the proletariats rise up to the level of the Bourgeoisie through violent means |
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Iron Law of Wages |
David Ricardo's theory, which eventually became known as the 'Iron Law of Wages, maintained that the wages of labourers should be kept at the lowest possible level because their high rate of reproduction ensured a surplus supply of labour. |
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Ulititarianism |
Jhn Stuart Mill - Its general argument is that morality consists in bringing about the best state of affairs, and that the best state of affairs is the state with the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. |
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Rudyard Kipling |
- Imperialism propagands - “The White Man's Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. - Wanted to civilize the "half devil, half child" races that inhabited the "barbaric" and "heathen" quarters of the globe. |
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Nationalism |
- A sentimentrooted in broad historical, geographical, linguistic, or culturalcircumstances. It is characterized by a consciousness of belonging in a group,to a tradition derived from those circumstances, which differs from thetraditions of other groups - singleminded devotion to the interests of one’s country
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Why was cotton valued in the textile industry? |
- It could be used in all climmtaes - It could be washed, coloured, and made into material - Lightweight and easy to transport/ ship - Cheap and decreased prices led to an increased demand |
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What is Socoal Darwinism as it relates to imperialism? |
- The idea of a civilizing mission was a growing sense in the West of racial superiority - Many westerners embraced the ideas of social Darwinism arguing that European races were superior to all others - Imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature's way of improving the species |
