Ap History Chapter 13 Vocabulary

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Young america

Back 1

an American political and cultural attitude in the mid-nineteenth century. Inspired by European reform movements of the 1830s, the American group was formed as a political organization in 1845 by Edwin de Leon and George H. Evans.

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stephen f. austin

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known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

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webster-ashburton treaty

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signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine–New Brunswick border.

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oregon trail

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a 2,000-mile (3,200 km) historic east-west wagon route that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon and locations in between. It flourished from the 1840s until the coming of the railroad at the end of the 1860s. The trip on foot took four to six months.

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santa fe trail

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a 19th-century transportation route through central North America that connected Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Pioneered in 1822 by William Becknell, it served as a vital commercial and military highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880. At first an international trade route between the United States and Mexico, it was the 1846 U.S. invasion route of New Mexico during the Mexican–American War

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joseph smith

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an American religious leader and the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. He was also a theocrat, politician, city planner, military leader, and polygamist.

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book of mormon

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a sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement. It was first published in March 1830 by Joseph Smith, Jr.

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bringham young

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an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the western United States. He was the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death in 1877. He was also the founder of Salt Lake City and the first governor of Utah Territory, United States. Brigham Young University was named in his honor.

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nauvoo

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a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States. Although the population was just 1,063 at the 2000 census, and despite being difficult to reach due to its location in a remote corner of Illinois,

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1844 election

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Democrat James Knox Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed.

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john tyler

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the tenth President of the United States (1841–1845) and the first to succeed to the office following the death of a predecessor.

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james k polk

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Polk was the last strong pre-Civil War president and the first president whose photographs while in office still survive. He is noted for his foreign policy successes. He threatened war with Britain over the issue of which country owned the Oregon Country, then backed away and split the ownership of the region with Britain.

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free development

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The act of developing.

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manifest destiny

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the 19th century American belief that the United States (often, as Horsman (1981) notes, in the ethnically specific form of the "Anglo-Saxon race") was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic Seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century.

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54-40 or fight

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a result of competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of North America in the first half of the 19th century. Both the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA) had territorial and commercial aspirations in the region as well as residual claims from treaties with Russia and Spain

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zachary taylor

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the 12th President of the United States (1849-1850) and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor nonetheless ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. Taylor was the last President to hold slaves while in office, and the last Whig to win a presidential election.

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treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

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the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States[1][2] to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico City, that ended the Mexican-American War (1846 – 48) on February 2, 1848. With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico surrendered to the United States and entered into negotiations to end the war.

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winfield scott

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a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.

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john c fremont

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an American military officer, explorer, and the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States.

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samuel morse

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an American contributor to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs, co-inventor of the Morse code, and an accomplished painter.

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john tyler

Back 21

the tenth President of the United States (1841–1845) and the first to succeed to the office following the death of a predecessor.

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james k polk

Back 22

Polk was the last strong pre-Civil War president and the first president whose photographs while in office still survive. He is noted for his foreign policy successes. He threatened war with Britain over the issue of which country owned the Oregon Country, then backed away and split the ownership of the region with Britain.

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free development

Back 23

The act of developing.

Front 24

manifest destiny

Back 24

the 19th century American belief that the United States (often, as Horsman (1981) notes, in the ethnically specific form of the "Anglo-Saxon race") was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic Seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It was used by Democrats in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century.

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54-40 or fight

Back 25

a result of competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of North America in the first half of the 19th century. Both the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA) had territorial and commercial aspirations in the region as well as residual claims from treaties with Russia and Spain

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zachary taylor

Back 26

the 12th President of the United States (1849-1850) and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor nonetheless ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. Taylor was the last President to hold slaves while in office, and the last Whig to win a presidential election.

Front 27

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

Back 27

the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States[1][2] to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico City, that ended the Mexican-American War (1846 – 48) on February 2, 1848. With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico surrendered to the United States and entered into negotiations to end the war.

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winfield scott

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a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.

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john c fremont

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an American military officer, explorer, and the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States.

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samuel morse

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an American contributor to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs, co-inventor of the Morse code, and an accomplished painter.

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frederick merk

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Historian Frederick Merk, in Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (1963), argued that the failure of the All Oregon and All Mexico movements indicates that Manifest Destiny had not been as popular as historians have traditionally portrayed it to have been.

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charles goodyear

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the first to vulcanize rubber, a process which he discovered in 1839 and patented on June 15, 1844. Although Goodyear is often credited with its invention, modern evidence has proven that the Mesoamericans used stabilized rubber for balls and other objects as early as 1600 BC

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cyrus mccormick

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an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902.[1] He and many members of the McCormick family became prominent Chicagoans. Although McCormick is often called the "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, it was based on work by others, including his family members.

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walt whitman

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an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse

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herman melville

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an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick and the posthumous novella Billy Budd.

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daniel webster

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a leading American statesman and senator during the nation's Antebellum Period. He first rose to regional prominence through his defense of New England shipping interests.

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secularization act

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The Revolutionary Secularization Act of 1833 Broadside Signed in Type by President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (CALIFORNIA) Rare Early Broadside Secularizing Church Property in Order to Encourage Settlement.

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empresarios

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a person who, in the early years of the settlement of Texas, had been granted the right to settle on Mexican land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for new settlers. The word is Spanish for entrepreneur

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santa anna

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Santa Anna was a member of the same band of the Comanche as the more famous Buffalo Hump. He was an important chief, though probably less influential than Buffalo Hump during the 1830s and 1840s. He was the first member of his band to visit Washington, D.C.

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tejanos

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a term used to identify a Texan of Hispanic descent or cultural background.

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davy crockett

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a celebrated 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician. He is referred to in popular culture as Davy Crockett and after the 1950s by the epithet “King of the Wild Frontier.” He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives, served in the Texas Revolution, and died at the Battle of the Alamo.

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sam houston

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a 19th-century American statesman, politician, and soldier. He was born in Timber Ridge in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, of Scots-Irish descent. Houston became a key figure in the history of Texas and was elected as the first and third President of the Republic of Texas, US Senator for Texas after it joined the United States, and finally as governor of the state.

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lone star republic

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an independent nation in North America, bordering the United States and Mexico, that existed from 1836 to 1846.