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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bone Reabsorption
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removing minerals and collagen with osteoclasts, breaking down the bone, reabsorbing them.
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Bone Deposition
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Osteoblasts (extracellular matrix) so minerals are deposited to become osteocytes.
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Open/Compound Fracture
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most severe, when the bone protrudes through the skin, very painful, requires surgery.
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Comminuted Fracture
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When bone splinters from impact sight, these are smaller fragments, requires surgery.
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Greenstick Fracture
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one side of the bone is broken, the other side just bends
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Impacted Fracture
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one end of fractured bone is driven into itself, makes bone shorter since it overlaps
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Pott's Fracture
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distal end of fibula has an injury at the distal end of the articulation (ankle) *falls down stairs or sports injury*
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Colle's Fracture
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the distal end of the lateral (radius) is displaced, movement in the wrist joint, they can't rotate their wrist.
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Cartilage
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dense connective tissue, able to withstand flexing, pressure, and tension. It's a shock absorber and in every single joint.
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Bursa Sacs
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has synovial fluid, located at the joint. Reduces friction when joints bend/move
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What does absense in Bursa Sacs mean?
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results in arthritis/osteoarthritis
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Articulating Bone
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the one that moves
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Joint Capsule
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the distal end of one bone and the proximal end of another. Includes Bursa Sac, Synovial Fluid, and Ligaments.
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Ligaments
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attach bone to bone
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Tendons
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attach muscle to bone
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Sprains
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injury of ligaments
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Strain
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injury of tendons
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1st degree sprain
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minor tear or stretch
ex: lifting weights |
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2nd degree sprain
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tear of ligaments, causing pain & swelling
ex: limping |
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3rd degree sprain
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complete rupture of the ligament
ex: common in sports |
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4th degree sprain
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complete break of ligaments and small bones associated with it, requires surgery
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5th degree sprain
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tearing of every single ligament associated with the joint, also breaks one or more of the surrounding bones
ex: leg just hangs, not connected. |
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6th degree sprain
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Limb must be amputated.
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Waht does RICE stand for?
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Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevation.
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Immobile Joints
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dont move, in the skull
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Move Slightly joints
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Pubic area, osa coxae
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Move freely joints
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elbows, knees, wrist, jaw
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Fibrous Joint
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short pieces of connective tissue, these are in immobile joints
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Cartilagenous Joint
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Discs of connective tissue, these are found in the spinal cord in freely moveable joints.
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Synovial Joint
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overlaps with cartilagenous joints, a liquid membrane. Only in free moving joints.
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Pivot joint
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a turn style joint, like in ulna and radius move without moving your shoulder.
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Ball & Socket joint
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most common, can move in any direction. Head into Fassa, shoulder and hips are examples
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Hinge joint
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opens or closes like a door, knees and elbows are examples
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Gliding joint
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found in carpals, it rocks back and forth, in flat or slightly curved bones. (wrist & ankle)
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Saddle joint
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rock up and down, they elevate. connects first metacarpal to carpal (thumb)
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Ellipsoidal/Condyloid joint
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movement from one plane to another, but no rotation. Like a pacman controller. Most common in fingers.
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Flexion
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toes point up, decreasing angle
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Extension
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toes point out, straightening a joint
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Planter Flexion
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pointing and bending toes
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Dorsi Flexion
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moving left and right "wiggle" feet
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Abduction
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Moving away from midline of body
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Adduction
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Moving towards midline of body
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Inversion
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Turning in. "pigeon toed"
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Eversion
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Turning out "hockey feet"
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Supination
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Turning palms up
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Pronation
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turning palms down
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Circumduction
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moving in a circle
ex: butterfly swimming |
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Retraction
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Movning back
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Protraction
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pushing forward
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Rotation
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spin on axis, your head, pivot
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Skeletal Muscle
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Attached to bones and is striated. It is voluntery
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Cardiac Muscle
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not voluntery, also striated, only around heart for pumping blood
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Smooth Muscle
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within organs, blood vessels, and airways
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Rules for naming muscles
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Direction of muscle fibers, location, size, number of origins, shape, origin and insertion, action.
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rectus
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parallel (rectus femoris)
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transverse
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perpendicular to long axis of body
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oblique
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angled other than 90 degrees, not 0 or 180, but in between
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______ moves toward the ______ during contractions
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Insertion, origin.
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Prime movers
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cheif muscle, causing the movement
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Antagonists
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muscle that goes against the movement
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Synergists
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assists the prime mover
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Fixators
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prevent any unecessary movement
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All levers have ....
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resistance, fulcrum, and force
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Epimysium
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connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire fiber (the white shit on top of muscles)
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Perimysium
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divides muscle fibers into smaller groups, its located just underneath the epimysium
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Endomysium
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beneath perimysium, surrounds each muscle fiber individually
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Sarcolemma
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the cell membrane of the muscle
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actin
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thin myofilament; protein involved in muscle cell movement
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myosin
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thick myofilament; also involved in muscle cell movement
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sarcomere
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the contractile unit that is comprised of actin, myosin and z-lines
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Contractile proteins
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generate force during contraction
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Regulatory proteins
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help switch contraction process on and off
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Structural Proteins
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keep actin and myosin in proper alignment
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Tropomyosin strands
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these cover myosin binding sites in a relaxed muscle
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Troponin molecules
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these anchor tropomyosin in place
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Titin
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spans from z line to m line
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Rigor Mortis
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a chemical change in the muscles after death, causing the limbs of the corpse to become stiff and difficult to move or manipulate
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aerobic respiration
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ATP generated in presence of O2. ATP are from glucose, slow, requires continuous O2
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anaerobic respiration
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no O2, you get 2 ATP from glucose (net). this is very inefficient but 2.5x faster than aerobic, about 30-40 seconds differnce
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fast twitch fibers
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these are white, have rapid contractions, but wear out very quickly
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slow twitch fibers
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these can contract for hours on end, have lots of blood flow and they're red in appearance.
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intermediate fibers
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can contract for a while "how long can you hold your arms for?"
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isotonic
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shortening of muscle, or overlapping.
ex: flexing bicep, lifting weights |
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isometric
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no shortening, there is a force.
ex: yoga, holding a pose |
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autorhymathiciy
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pacemaker initiates contraction
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intercolated discs
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support a synchronized contraction
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upper respiratory includes...
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nose, pharynx, and other parts within them
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lower respiratory
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larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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conducting zone
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-conducts, filters, and warms/moistens the air
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respiratory zone
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tissues within lungs where gas exchange occurs
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vestibule
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entryway, anterior portion just inside nostrils-has course nasal hairs and muscus
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vibrissae
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the hairs covered with sebum (oil)
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olfactory region
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allows you to smell
-at top, back of nose -pseudostratified cilliated columnar -capillaries warm the air by producing more mucus "sniffing" expelling the smell. |
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respiratory region
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everything in between vestible & olfactory
-warms and moistens air -mucus supplies air with water, it ill humidify |
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turbinates
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3 scroll-like bones that split incoming air into 3 channels, makes more surface area.
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airway resistance
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the work required to move the gas into the tube structures of airway.
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paranasal
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around the nose, they prolong/intensity sound of voice and lighten weight of th head.
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epiorbital
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above the eye, same function as paranasal.
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Nasopharynx
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extends from end of nasal cavity, to soft pallette
-contains adnoids -passageway to eustachian tubes |
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Oropharynx
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just behind buccal cavity
-food goes through here -uvula and soft palette are here |
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laryngopharynx
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opens both into esophagous and respiratory system
-begins at hyoid bone -important because of musociliary escalator |
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adnoids
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and immune structure
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Uvula
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move "back and up" to prevent liquid and food leaving nose when swallowing
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Larynx made of these 9 pieces of cartilage
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thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, artenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
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thyroid cartilage
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your adams apple
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epiglottis
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elastic cartilage, closes off repiratory tract
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cricoid cartilage
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support network for larynx
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layers of trachea wall consists of 4 parts:
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mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, advendita.
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tracheotomy
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opperation opening the trachea
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tracheostomy
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skin incision, short longitudinal, inferior to cartilage?
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biurcation
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process when trachea divides into the mainstream bronchi
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carina
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where the division of the trachea happens
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endotracheal tube
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to help them breathe on a ventilator, only in trachea, otherwise if its too far, itll screw shit up.
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inner epithelial layer
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mucociliary escelator is housed here
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middle layer
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lamina propria - smooth muscle, vessels, lymphatic vessels and tracts for nerves
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1 (brochial tree)
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enter lungs (right and left stems)
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2 (brochial tree)
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lobar: right lung had 3 lobes
left lung has 2 lobes |
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3 (brochial tree)
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segmental
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Bronchioles (structure)
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repeadedly branch over and over
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terminal bronchiole
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gas exchange occurs
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inner epithelial layer (tissue layers)
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mucociliary escelator is housed here
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middle layer (tissue layers)
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lamina propia - smooth muscle, vessels, lymphatic vessels and tracts for nerves
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outer layer (tissue layers)
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cartilage (hyaline)
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Bronchioles (details)
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-about 1 mm in diameter
-no cartilage -the spithelial layer is pseudostratified ciliated cubodial cells -theres no gas exchange here |
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Terminal Bronchioles (details)
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*conducting*
-about .5mm -no goblet cells, no cartilage -this is the end of the conducting zone |
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squamous pneumocytes
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flat, pancake like cells in the respiratory bronchioles.
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Alveolar Duct
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made of squamous cels in a tubular configuration
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Alveoli
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terminal air sacs
-surrounded by pulmonary capillaries -300-600 million alveoli per 80 m2 space for air |
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Liquid SURFACTANT
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this is in the first layer of alveolar capillary membrane components. It lowers the surface tension to prevent the lung from collapsing.
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RSV stands for...
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Respiratory Synctia Virus
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Alveolar Epithelium
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in the 2nd layer of the alveolar capillary membrane components. the two types of squamous cells are alveolar, the 3rd is not, its a macrophage that surveys for infection.
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Pores of Kohn
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Allows movement between alveoli and between layers for macrophages to move.
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Interstitial Space
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space between the alveolar basement membrane and capillary (epithelial) basement membrane. This space is problematic for infection.
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Pneumonia
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condition where something is in the interstitial space, this decreases ability for gas exchange to occur.
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right lung has how many lobes?
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3 (superior, middle, inferior)
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Which fissures are contained in the right lung?
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the horizontal fissure and the oblique fissure
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Hilum
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where bronchi enters lungs
-60% of gas exchange |
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How many lobes are in the left lung?
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2 (superior and inferior)
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where is the cardiac depression located?
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in the left lung
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what is the fissure called in the left lung?
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the oblique fissure
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how are your lungs protected?
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-ribcage (as a boney thorax)
-sternum -vertebra (thoracic region) |
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how many PAIRS of ribs in the human ribcage?
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12 pairs (24 ribs)
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How does cartilage work in the lungs?
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Due to their elasticity they allow movement when inhaling and exhaling.
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pul,monary ventilation
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breathing in and out
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external respiration
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exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries
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internal respiration
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aka tissue respiration, exchange os gases between the blood and tissues/organs
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Kidneys measure amount of ....?
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0xygen (O2)
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Medulla Oblongata measure amount of ... ?
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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CO2 to blood -->
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blood loses 02
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O2 to tissues -->
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cells lose C02
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Inspiration
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this occurs by contracting and flattening the diaphragm. It happens when medulla oblongata sends a signal by phrenic nerve to contract and flatten
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when you increase the area/volume of the diaphragm ....
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the pressure decreases.
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increasing thoracic space means ..
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decreasing pressure
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External Intercostal Muscles
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moves ribcage "up and out" making the thoracic cavity increase in volume
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Exhalation
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passive act of allowing the diaphragm to return to normal, space decreases, air moves out.
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Accessory Muscles (inspiration)
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-neck
-sternocleidomastoid -major and minor pectoralis |
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Accessory Muscles (exhalation)
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-abdominals
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