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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2- List the functions of the skeletal system.
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Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage.
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4- Bones are classified according to their __________.
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Bone shapes, markings, structure
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16- What are the two types of bone tissue?
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Compact (dense) & Spongy (cancellous)
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17- Which type is relatively solid and located on the surface of the bone?
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Compact (dense)
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18- Which type is an open network of struts and plates and is the interior of the bone?
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Spongy (cancellous)
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23- Which type of marrow has mainly fat cells?
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yellow
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24- What is the purpose of yellow marrow and where is it found?
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lipid storage, medullary cavities of the long bones
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25- Describe red bone marrow.
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mature/immature red and white blood cells, and stem cells; blood cell formation; present in ribs, vertebrae, sternum and bones of the pelvis, and ends of the humerus and femur
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30- What does the matrix of bone consist of? What is this a product of?
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crystals of hydroxyapatite - product of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interaction.
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31- What characteristics does calcium phosphate contribute to the matrix?
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a. accounts for 66% of the weight of bone
b. hard c. relatively inflexible d. brittle e. can withstand compression f. shatter when exposed to bending, twisting, or sudden impacts |
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32- What characteristics does collagen fibers contribute?
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a. accounts for 33% of the weight of bone
b. strong c. flexible d. tolerate twisting and bending e. bend when compressed |
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33- What are the 4 types of cells in bone? What are each responsible for?
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-Osteoprogenitor cells - produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts/important in fracture repair
-Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) - produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis/synthesize and release proteins and organic compounds that will become the bone matrix -Osteocytes (Bone cells) - Recycle the calcium salts in the matrix by secreting chemicals that dissolve the adjacent matrix and stimulate deposition of new crystals & Participate in repair of damage bone; can convert into osteoblasts or osteoprogenitor cell -Osteoclasts- cause resorption of bone through osteolysis (by secretion of enzymes that digest the protein matrix of the bone and release the minerals) |
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35- How does the structure of spongy bone differ from that of compact bone?
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Spongy has no osteons, blood vessels, and is lighter that compact bone.
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40- What is ossification?
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the process of converting other tissues to bone
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41- What is calcification?
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the process of depositing calcium salts within a tissue.
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42- What are the two forms of ossification? Describe each and list the steps.
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Intramembranous ossification – bone develops from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue.
Endochondral ossification – bone replaces existing cartilage |
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45- what is remodeling and what does it involve?
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-The organic and mineral components of bone are continuously recycled and renewed through the process of remodeling.
-the old matrix is removed and new matrix is added. |
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56- How much of the calcium in the body is found in the skeleton?
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roughly 99 percent
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57- What mechanisms controls calcium homeostasis?
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Interactions among the bones, intestinal tract, and kidneys affect calcium ion concentrations.
- negative feedback system |
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58- What two hormones regulate calcium ion homeostasis?
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calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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59- How do they each function?
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ParaThyroid Tears down bone to add calcium to blood.
calcitonin -causing calcium to be deposited into bone and increasing the rate of calcium excretion at the kidney. |
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63- List the steps of fracture repair.
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1- +formation of a fracture hematoma – closes off injured blood vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area
+lack of circulation kills osteocytes, dead bone extends along the shaft 2-endosteum and periosteum go through mitosis and produce cells that move to the fractured area +form an external callus +form an internal callus +cells at the ends of both calluses build a bridge between bone fragments on each side of the fracture 3- central cartilage of the external callus is replaced with spongy bone +external and internal callus form a widespread and continuous brace at the fracture site 4-Remodeling of bone for 4 –12+ months |
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65- How does aging affect the skeletal system?
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Bones become thinner and relatively weaker.
osteopenia osteoporosis Osteoclast-activating factor |
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65a - What is osteopenia?
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inadequate ossification
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