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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?
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lucidum
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Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is through ________
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interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
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Where do gliding movements occur?
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at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints
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Which joint is fibrous connective tissue?
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syndesmosis
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The radius and ulna along its length is an example of what?
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interossesus fibrous joint
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Which extracapsular ligaments stabilize the knee?
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lateral and medial collateral ligaments prevent lateral or medial angular movements
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What is gouty arthritis caused by?
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excessive blood levels of uric acid desposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints
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When a ballerina points the toes, it is known as ______
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plantar flexion
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What are menisci?
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semilunar cartilage pads
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Articulations that only permit slight movement are _____
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amphiarthroses
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What ligament hold the radius to the ulna at the proximal end?
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annular
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What are synchondroses?
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cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage united the ends of bones
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What do cruciate ligaments of the knee prevent?
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hyperextension of the knee
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Joints that permit no movement
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synarthrotic
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Synchodroses are __________ joints
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cartilaginous
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The hip joint is a good example of a _________ synovial joint
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multiaxial
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Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which ligaments are damaged?
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medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate
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The canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ___________
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blood vessels and nerve fibers
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Which cell is responsible for secreting the matrix of the bone?
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osteoblast
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Vertebrae are considered ______ bones
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irregular
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What are the three functions of the skeletal system?
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1) support
2) storage of minerals 3) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) |
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How do mechanical forces communicate with cells responsible for bone remodeling?
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electrical signals
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Spongy bones are made up of _______
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trabeculae
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Where do cranial bones develop?
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within fibrous membranes
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What causes the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children to close too early?
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elevated levels of sex hormones
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What does the universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton (after age 40) reflect?
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incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
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Where/what is a good source of blood forming tissue?
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the sternum (breastbone)
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What does yellow bone marrow contain a large percentage of?
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fat
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What is diploe?
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the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
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What are the cell types that populate bone tissue in adults?
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osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor cells
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What protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
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lamellated granules of the stratum granulosum
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Fingerprints and ridges are ______
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genetically determined and unique to each person
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What is Porphyria?
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an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated (lead to the folklore about vampires)
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How does the skin protect itself from UV damage?
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melanin dispersion
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What are the superficial surfaces of the papillary layer of the dermis called?
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dermal papillae
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How do you know if the dermis has been stretched or torn?
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visible silvery-white scars
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What gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax?
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ceruminous
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How many layers does the dermis have?
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two
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Where are the apocrine glands located?
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in the axillary and anogenital area
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What is vernix caseosa?
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a whitish material produced by fetal sebacous glands
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What are fingernails?
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modication of the epidermis
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Why is the hypodermis a good shock absorber?
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because it is made up of adipose
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What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
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major fluid loss
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Which cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis to protect the integumentary system?
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macrophages called Langerhans' cells
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What are joints also called?
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articulations
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What do joints bind?
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parts of the skeleton
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What makes bone growth possible?
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joints
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What permits bones to change shape during childbirth?
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joints
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What makes the body move in response to the skeletal muscle contractions?
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joints
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What are the three general groups of joints?
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1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous 3) synovial |
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What else can joints be grouped by besides the three general groups?
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the degree of movement
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What are immovable joints called?
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synarthrotic
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What are slightly movable joints called?
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amphiarthrotic
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What are freely movable joints called?
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diarthrotic
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Why are the fibrous joints named so?
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because the dense connective tissue holding them together has many collagenous fibers
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What are the three types of fibrous joints?
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1) syndesmosis
2) suture 3) gomphosis |
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In syndesmosis, what are bones bound by?
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interosseous membrane (sheet of fiberous connective tissue) or interosseous ligament (bundle of fiberous connective tissue)
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What is an example of a syndesmosis?
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between the tibia and fibula
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Because a syndesmosis permits slight movement, what is it called?
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amphiarthrotic
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Where are sutures located?
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only between the flat bones of the skull
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What is a sutural ligament?
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a thin layer of dense connective tissue that joints flat bones of the skull together
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What do fontanels allow?
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the skull to change shape during childbirth
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What is an example of a suture?
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parietal suture
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Because sutures are immovable, what are they called?
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synarthrotic
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What is a gomphosis joint joined by?
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a union of a cone-shaped bony process in a bony socket
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What does a periodontal ligament attach?
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a tooth to the jaw
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What is an example of a gomphosis?
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a tooth in a socket
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What are bones of cartilaginous joints joined by?
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hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
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synchodroses and symphyses
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What happens in synchondrosis?
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bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
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Are synchondroses temprary or permanent?
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temporary; they disappear during growth
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What are two examples of synchondroses?
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the epiphyseal plates and the joint between the first rib and the manubrium
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Since synchodroses do not permit movement, what are they called?
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synarthrotic
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In a symphysis, articular surfaces of bones are covered with what?
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a thin layer of hyaline cartilage and the cartilage is attached to a pad of springy fibrocartilages
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What are two examples of symphyses?
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symphysis pubis and intervertebral joints
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Most joints are ________
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synovial
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Since synovial joints allow free movement, what are they called?
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diarthrotic
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What do synovial joints consist of?
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articular cartilage, a joint capsule, and a synovial membrane
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What is articular cartilage?
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a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones
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What is a joint capsule?
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a tubular structure that holds together the bones of a synovial joint
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What does the outer layer of the joint capsule consist of?
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dense connective tissue
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What does the inner layer of the joint capsule consist of?
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a synovial membrane
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What do ligaments reinforce?
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the joint capsule
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What is the synovial membrane?
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a shiny, vascular layer of loose connective tissue
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Where does synovial fluid come from?
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the synovial membrane
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Besides secretubg synovial fluid, the synovial membrane may also ______________
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store adipose tissue and form movable fatty pads with the joint
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What does the synovial joint have the consistency of?
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uncooked egg white
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What is the function of synovial fluid?
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to moisten and lubricate the smooth cartilaginous surfaces within the jont
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what are menisci?
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discs of fibrocartilage
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what is the menisci function?
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to cushion articulating surfaces
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what are bursae?
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fluid filled sacs associated with synovial joints
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Where are bursae located?
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between the skin and underlying bone prominences?
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what is the function of bursae?
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to cushion and aid the movement of tendons that slide over bony parts or over other tendons
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What do the names of bursae reflect?
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locations
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What are the six major types of synovial joints?
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1) ball and socket
2) condyloid 3) gliding 4) hinge 5) pivot 6) saddle |
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What does a ball and socket joint consist of?
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a bone with a globular head that articulates with a cup-shaped cavity of another bone
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What does a ball and socket joint allow?
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a wider range of motion than any other type of joint
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What are examples of ball and socket joints?
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the hip joint and shoulder joint
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What is the structure of a condyloid joint?
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an ovoid condyle of one bone fitting into the elliptical cavity of another bone
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What is an example of a condyloid joint?
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between the metacarpals and phalanges
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What are the articulating surfaces of gliding joints?
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nearly flat or slight curved
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what are examples of gliding joints?
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joints within the wrists and ankles
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what is the structure of a hinge joint?
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a convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another bone
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what is an example of a hinge joint?
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the elbow joint
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what is the structure of a pivot joint?
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a cyndrical surface of one bone rotating within a ring formed of bone and a ligament
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what are examples of pivot joints?
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the joint formed between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna and the joint between the dens of the axis and the ring of the atlas
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what is the structure of a saddle joint?
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a convex surface of one bone articulating with a concave surface of another bone
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what is an example of a saddle joint?
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the joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb
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What is an insertion of a muscle?
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its movable end
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what is the origin of a muscle?
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its fixed end
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what is flexion?
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bending of a body part
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what is extension?
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straightening of a body part
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what is hyperextension?
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excess extension of a body part
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what is dorsiflexion?
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a movement at ankle that rings the foot closer to the shin
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what is plantar flexion?
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movement at ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin
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what is abduction?
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moving a part away from the midline of the body
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what is adduction?
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moving a part toward the midline of the body
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what is rotation?
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moving a body part around an axis (twisting)
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what is circumduction?
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moving in a circular path
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what is supination?
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turning the palm of the hand up
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what is pronation?
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turning the palm down
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what is eversion?
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turning the foot laterally with the sole flattening
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what is inversion?
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turning the foot medially with the sole raising
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what is protaction?
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moving a body part forward
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what is retraction?
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moving a body part backward
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what is elevation?
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raising a body part
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what is depression?
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lowering a body part
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