A&p Exam 1: Endocrine

Front 1

How many hypothalamic hormones?

Back 1

8 + total. 6 regulate the anterior pituitary. Two are released into capillaries in the posterior pituitary.

Front 2

Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH

Back 2

Promotes anterior pituitary secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Front 3

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Back 3

Promotes anterior pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 4

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 4

Promotes anterior pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. (FSH & LH)

Front 5

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Back 5

Promotes anterior pituitary secretion of growth hormone (GH)

Front 6

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Back 6

Inhibits secretion of prolactin

Front 7

Somatostatin

Back 7

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary. (GH & TSH)

Front 8

2 hypothalamic hormones are released into the capillaries of the posterior pituitary where they are stored and released but not synthesized

Back 8

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (OT & ADH)

Front 9

How many hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary synthesize and secrete?

Back 9

6

Hint 9

Front 10

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Back 10

Secreted by anterior pituitary. Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

Front 11

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 11

Secreted by anterior pituitary. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Front 12

Prolactin (PRL)

Back 12

Secreted by anterior pituitary. After birth stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk

Front 13

Growth hormone

Back 13

Secreted by anterior pituitary. Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

Front 14

Gonadotropin hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

Back 14

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles and sperm production. Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone. Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone.

Front 15

Posterior pituitary hormones. Two hormones produced in hypothalamus and transported to the posterior lobe of pituitary to be released and stored.

Back 15

Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) increases water retention reducing urine volume. Oxytocin (OT)hormone released during sexual arousal orgasm stimulates labor contractions during childbirth stimulates flow of milk during lactation.

Hint 15

Front 16

Pineal gland. Named for pine cone shape.

Back 16

Shrinks by the end of puberty. Plays a role in circadian rhythm. Synthesizes melatonin. Linked to seasonal affective disorder.

Front 17

Thymus plays a role in the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems. Bi lobed gland in the mediastinum superior to the heart.

Back 17

Shrinks after puberty. Site of maturation of T cells. Secretes hormones thymopoietin, Thymosin, thymulin

Hint 17

Front 18

Thyroid gland. Largest gland that is purely endocrine. Butterfly-shaped, wrapped around the larynx.

Back 18

Secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which together make thyroid hormone. Secreted in response to thyroid stimulating hormone by anterior pituitary. Primary effect increases metabolic rate. Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin with rising blood calcium, stimulate osteoblast activity and Bone formation in children.

Hint 18

Front 19

Parathyroid glands. Four glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland.

Back 19

Secrete parathyroid hormone, increase blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium reabsorption from the bones.

Hint 19

Front 20

Thyroid disorders

Back 20

Endemic goiter disease is geographically localized, dietary iodine deficiency. Gland cannot synthesize thyroid hormone no feedback means increase thyroid stimulating hormone

Hint 20

Front 21

The adrenal glands. Small glands that sit on top of each kidney. Comprised of two parts:

Back 21

Adrenal cortex , Adrenal medulla

Hint 21

Front 22

Adrenal medulla

Back 22

Inner core of adrenal gland. Has dual nature as endocrine gland and ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Releases catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and dopamine into the bloodstream. Increase alertness prepares body for physical activity increases blood pressure, decreases digestion and urine production

Front 23

Adrenal cortex

Back 23

Outer part of the adrenal glands surrounding medulla. Secretes several corticosteroids from three layers of glandular tissue. Mineralocorticoids regulate the electrolyte balance. Aldosterone stimulates sodium and potassium excretion. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism of glucose and other fuel and help body adapt to stress and repair tissue. Cortisol and corticosterone stimulate fat and protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis. Sex steroids called androgens set libido and play a large role in prenatal male development. Estradiol in small quantities from adrenal becomes important after menopause for sustaining adult bone mass.

Front 24

Adrenal disorders

Back 24

Cushing syndrome excess cortisol secretion, hyperglycemic, hypertension, weakness, edema, rapid muscle and bone loss due to protein catabolism, abnormal fat deposition moon face and hump on back.

Hint 24

Front 25

The pancreas is an elongated gland below and behind the stomach. Contains one to two million pancreatic islets.

Back 25

Islets are clusters of Endocrine cells that secrete hormones that regulate glycemia. Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose raising the blood glucose level. Glucagon stimulates fat catabolism and release of free fatty acids within adipose tissue. Insulin is secreted by beta cells during and after a meal when glucose and amino acid levels are rising. Stimulates cells to absorb nutrients lowering blood glucose levels.

Hint 25

Front 26

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Back 26

5 to 10% of diabetics in the US. Insulin secreted by beta cells insufficiency or in action of insulin. Hereditary susceptibility. Auto antibodies attach and Destroy pancreatic beta-cells.

Front 27

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Back 27

90 to 95% of diabetics. Insulin resistance failure of target cells to respond to insulin. Risk factors are heredity, ethnicity, age, and obesity. Treated with weight loss and exercise

Front 28

Ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine.

Back 28

Exocrine product is whole cells including eggs and sperm. Endocrine product gonadal hormones, mostly steroids.

Hint 28

Front 29

Ovarian hormones

Back 29

Estradiol and progesterone development of female reproductive system. Regulate menstrual cycle and sustain pregnancy. Prepare mammary glands for lactation. Inhibin suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone secretion from anterior pituitary.

Front 30

Testicular hormones

Back 30

Testosterone and weaker androgens and estrogen from interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules. Stimulates development of male reproductive system and sex-drive sustained sperm production. Inhibin from sustenacular are cells limits follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in order to regulate sperm production.

Front 31

Liver.

Back 31

Involved in the production of at least five hormones. Secretes angiotensinogen precursor of Angiotensin II a regulator of blood pressure. Secretes 15% of erythropoietin which stimulates bone marrow.

Front 32

Kidneys

Back 32

Play a role in production of three hormones. Secrete renin that converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1. Kidneys produce 85% of erythropoietin which stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells.