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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Babylonian Captivity
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allusion to the biblical bondage of the Israelites
Phillip the Fair (France) vs. Pope Boniface VIII dispute over taxation rights, church owns a lot of land and doesn't want to pay taxes to king |
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Wycliffe & Huss
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Wycliffe - professor at Oxford, argument: Church is in need of Reform - emphasized faith
attacked Catholic stance of Transubstantiation and various church practices followers = Lollards |
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Jon Huss
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rector at the University of Prague - priest, argued same thing as Wycliffe
followers = Hussites because of teachings - excommunicated and burned at the stake |
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Great Schism
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election of 2 popes: Urban VI of Rome, Clement VII of Avignon - divided continent
Eng, HRE, Poland, and Hungary - Urban VI - Rome France, Scotland, Naples, Castille, Aragon - Clement VII result - elect new pope - Alexander V Urban and Clement do not go away - Urban, Clement, Alexander up for pope Martin V eventually elected pope |
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Renaissance
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rebirth of Greco-Roman Times
contrast to Middle Ages - Europe catches up and passes the rest of the world Back into contact because of Crusades - 3 big conditions for Renaissance: 1. time 2. money 3. peace doesn't hit everywhere at once |
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Why Italy First?
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1. ideals of antiquity (Rome)
2. geography (to the east) - $$$ 3. economics - trade and capitalism 4. wealthy families invest in things 5. artists, writers, sculptors, musicians - treated like celebrities |
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Humanism
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humans have dignity, worth, beauty, and celebration of man
1. go to sources and reach own conclusions 2. sought Greek and Latin sources 3. less bound to tradition 4. accepted secular context of classics |
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Donation of Constantine
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a forged Roman Imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine I supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the pope
reason for papal states Pope to rule Italy |
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Lorenzo Valla
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Latin scholar who realized the Donation of Constantine was a forgery
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Characteristics of Northern Renaissance
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about classics and early Christian era - more diverse, less influential
more christian humanism and angelical piety |
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Golden Bull
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a seven member electoral college consisting of archbishops
functioned as administrative body that elected the emperor with him provided trans-regional unity and administration existed electoral college for HRE - symbolic power, a lot of influence, elect emperor |
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War of the Roses
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Civil war between the Lancasters and the Yorks - noble families
not about ideology - one family taking power over other does not affect countryside - just nobles ends when RIchard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth (York) by Henry of Lancaster ends chambered courts, starts Tudor Dynasty |
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Luther's Early Life
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born to Henry and Margaret - began life as peasant, but became prosperous
lightning storm - wanted to become a priest father - get law degree first and I will not stand in your way Luther - entered a monastery, became priest, teacher of ideology and was a chaplain |
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Luther's Breaching with the Church
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Pope Leo X - a dream - built St. Peter's Cathedral to house the Medici art collection
to finance this = indulgence Luther - protested this |
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Items in Luther's 95 Thesis
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1. no scriptural basis for purgatory
2. questioned abstinence 3. vulgate contained many errors 4. the bible said nothing about monks or nuns 5. faith is the path to salvation 6. God lives inside each Christian - you can connect w him on your own 7. reading scripture is the path to faith |
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Diet of Augsburg
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each German prince can determine the religion of his people
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Predestination
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at the beginning it was chosen who would go to heaven and who would go to hell
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Goals of Counter-Reformation
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1. return to a spiritual emphasis
2. make doctrines clearer 3. campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism |
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Decisions of the Council of Trent
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1. reaffirmed celibacy
2. no more selling of church affairs 3. dealt w dress, appearance, conduct of priests/bishops 4. maintained or emphasized an educated clergy 5. seminary in each diocese 6. good works = diocese 7. authority of tradition 8. transubstantiation 9. purgatory 10. keep indulgences 11. maintain seven sacraments 12. maintain worship of relics 13. retain the veneration of saints |
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4 Major Results of the Reform
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1. religious wars
2. many churches in Europe 3. increased education 4. powerful national government` |
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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20,000 Huguenots massacred
catholics were afraid they would rise up - preemptive strike protestants flee to America and Netherlands |
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Edict of Nantes
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1. gave freedom of worship to Huguenots
2. gave civil rights to Huguenots 3. created peace between Catholics and Huguenots |
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French Absolutism
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Louis XVI - supreme ruler
looks to make France the most powerful - large country Versailles to subdue nobles powers = war and peace, economic, religious matters Divine Rights of Kings (1685) - Louis revokes Edict of Nantes |
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Cons of Queen Mary I
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tries to re-catholicize England - fails ("Bloody Mary")
bad marriage w Philip - Eng/Spain rivalry sickly, no charisma |
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Major Problems Under Elizabeth I
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1. religion - Catholics vs. Protestants
Catholics - she is illegitimate to throne religion does not blow up in her face - she bandaged it 2. Mary Queen of Scots - kills husband, plotted to kill Elizabeth, eventually executed 3. Spanish Armada - failure a) different religions b) Elizabeth promoted piracy c) Elizabeth aided Spanish Netherlands against Spain d) Philip proposed to her, she declined 4. England was broke because of Henry VIII and useless spending, Elizabeth has to pay for it - puts "band-aid" on |
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English Prosperity Under Elizabeth
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Golden Age!
1. poor laws - no catholic church, government provides welfare, appear before board and plea case 2. able advisors - she kept them in line 3. prosperity - exploration, monetary system began to stabilize, factory system, arts and learning, ^ urbanization 4. successor - James (Mary Queen of Scots son) - okay king, a lot blows up in his face |
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Problems with King James I
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1. follows greatest English monarch, does not live up to his expectation
2. has to deal w money and religion 3. English see him as an outsider 4. closet Catholic 5. lazy, vain, coward - did not go into 30 Years War 6. gay - male lovers given high ranks 7. no handle on Parliament |
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Petition of Rights - 1628
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Charles agrees to give more power to government, and then shuts it down (not meeting for another decade and continues to raise taxes)
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Parliament Petition
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1. no new taxes w/o Parliament consent
2. no martial law w/o consent 3. no prison sentences w/o being tried 4. no quartering of troops 5. voting rights for property owners |
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Long Parliament
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need compromise
gets $ he needs - gives Parliament power |
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English Civil War
Parliament vs. King |
Parliament:
- raises army - Parliamentarians (Roundheads) - House of Commons - Anglicans and Catholics - large landowners - church officials - more rural *war not well for Charles* |
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English Civil War
Parliament vs. King |
King:
- raises army - Royalists (Cavaliers) - House of Lords - Puritans - merchants - townspeople - more urban *war not well for Charles* |
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Commonwealth / Protectorate
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Oliver Cromwell
- Puritan Republic - monarchy, House of Lords, Church of England abolished - several groups flea to New World countries - Rump Parliament - Cromwell dissolves Parliament - leads to a Protectorate - military dictator, very strict religious policies |
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Glorious Revolution
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James II
openly Catholic - made it well known to everyone government waits for James to die - Mary (future queen) and Anne will be ruling - Protestants many Catholics work for him repeals Test Act revokes Edict of Nantes requests a substantial increase in army - he will not get it - people worry he will destroy Protestantism 1688 - wife gave birth to baby boy problem: baby will take the throne - Protestants fear he will be Catholic - start of Catholic Dynasty ? |
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Start of Revolution - Solution?
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William of Orange (cousin of Mary) and Mary (James' daughter) invited to the English throne by protestant nobles
William - army of 15,000 advance into Eng - James government falls apart, he fleas, no bloodshed New King and Queen rule jointly - agree to: 1. Bill of Rights 2. Parliament must meet once every three years 3. Act of Toleration - religious freedom to all but Catholics - monarchy begins to lose power |
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Bill of Rights
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the monarch is within the law and not above it
like US - precursor 1. right to bear arms 2. freedom from self incrimination 3. cruel and unusual punishment 4. jury 5. unjust search and seizure |
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Defenestration of Prague
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trigger for 30 Years War
Bohemia = Protestant new king of Bohemia tries to re-catholicize Bohemian Protestants throw Catholic officials out of window |
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30 Years War: Background
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Bohemian (Czech Republic)
ruled by Habsburgs, going to be HRE emperor exception to treaty of Augsburg: CR = Prot, Habsburgs = Cath. - don't care if receiving $ New king = Ferdinand - wants CR to be Cath, stopped toleration, closes schools, executed Bohemians, HRE is going to die Ferdinand leaves, Bohemians are crazy - leads to 30 Years War |
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30 Years War: Phase 1
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1. Bohemian
defenestrate - tosses officials out of window, some were Catholic, symbol for disrespect *begins phase 1* Spain & Catholic union angry Spain sends in troops, Protestants lose badly Bohemia is re-catholicized clear cut victory for Catholics |
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30 Years War: Phase 2
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Danish
king decides to invade HRE - preemptive - does not want re-catholicization takes a gamble, quickly defeated Albrecht Wallenstein - new commander of the Catholic League raised a Protestant in Bohemia - he is now fully committed to the Catholic League when Denmark retreats, Albrecht chooses them, gets nuts, *another loss for Protestants |
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Edict of Restitution
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Calvinism is still outlawed in HRE and Spain - only Lutheranism and Catholicism
- required the return of all church land acquired by both - returned or compensated the Catholic Church What did it do to Protestants? thought it was unfair; concerned about HRE, Catholics, and Habsburgs |
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30 Years War: Phase 3
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Sweden is looking in - strong military
Lutheran - do not want to see Europe Catholic best thing in Europe (Gustavus Adolphus) - advanced technology, good food, fortune, and king he wants to crush Catholic Church - goes to invade N. Germany *successful for Sweden a) Battle of Breitenfeld - successful for Sweden - turning point of war, 1st major victory for Protestants - Spain leaves because of Battle b) Battle of Lutzen - Huge Swedish loss, Adolphus dies, continue to fight Wollenstein - still leader of HRE, impossible to deal w, begins ignoring answers w Habsburgs, wanted to make a treaty w Protestants, Ferdinand had him assassinated |
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30 Years War: Phase 4
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Swedish-French
Cardinal Richelieu - fearful of Habsburgs and the powers they could attain Catholic France joins the Protestants - Big transformation: now political war focus: to take a stab at Habsburgs, ends in 1648 *ALL WARS NOW POLITICAL, NOT RELIGIOUS* all out warfare in Germany, WINNER = Protestants and French side so much damage no one really wins |
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Treaty of Westphalia
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Results:
1. Netherlands and Switzerland recognized as independent 2. confirmed Treaty of Augsburg, but Calvinism brought it into mix 3. Brandenburg, Prussia - becomes major power, gets rid of Brandenburg, sets stage for Germany, one entity, Protestant, grow in size 4. this furthers German unification France and Spain still at war result: Spain is over w spotlight Germany & Bohemia - devastated, might go to new colonies (ex. Amish) nobody was happy to end war - Catholics and Protestants are still at odds |
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War of Austrian Succession
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Frederick the Great - Prussia invades Austria (Silesia)
violation of Pragmatic Sanction - all European countries would not attack Austria when Maria Theresa was queen all countries fall in ends w Prussia getting Silesia - starts Austria/Prussia rivalry |
