Ap European History Id Cards Bates

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Alberti, Leon Battista
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Renaissance Humanist Polymath, while considered talented all-around, known for his architecture the most

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de Las Casas, Bartolomew
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Spanish reformer and friar in the 16th century, called "Protector of Indians" because of his works and famous writings

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Black Death
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One of the most devastating plagues in history, where it killed 30-60% of European's population

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Brunelleschi, Filippo
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Architect and engineer, designer of the Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore

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Bruni, Leonardo
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Italian humanist, considered the first modern historian

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Castiglione, Baldarasse
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Italian courtier and diplomat, soldier as well

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City-State
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Region independent from the surrounding territory, country.

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Columbus, Christopher
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Spanish Explorer, first person to "discover" america.

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Condottieri
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Mercenary soldiers who were hired by nobles to keep their people in line

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Conquistadors
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The name for Spanish explorers who went to discover Central and South America for gold

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de Medici, Cosimo
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First for the Medici dynasty in Italy during the renaissance in Florence

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Cottage Industry
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The idea of home-based products instead of factory or mass-produced products

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David
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Biblical allusion to which many renaissance artists portrayed

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doge
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Senior-most elected official from Venice and Genoa

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Dürer, Albrecht
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German painter, considered the greatest northern renaissance artist.

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Eastern Orthodox Church
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Denomination that split from the Catholic church

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Erasmus, Desiderius
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Dutch Renaissance Humanist who disagreed with the church on topics such as religious toleration

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Ferdinand & Isabella
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Couple who were married to form what is considered modern Spain - funded many conquistadors

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Feudalism
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System of structuring in the medieval ages in which people paid to be protected and own land under rulers

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Sforza, Francesco
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Italian condottiero who was the founder of the Sforza dynasty in Milan

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Giotto di Bondone
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Italian painter and architect, a Florentine who successfully used Byzantine style of painting

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Savonarola, Girolamo
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Italian Dominican Friar who denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule, and exploitation of the poor

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Guilds
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Medieval-day type unions, which helped artisans find work and fair pay

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Gunpowder
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The only chemical explosive until the mid-1800s

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Gutenberg, Johann
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German blacksmith and printer who invented the printing press

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heretics
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Someone who didn't believe in religion

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High Renaissance
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The term for the highest and largest point in the visual arts during the renaissance

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Holy Roman Empire
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Empire that held many different lands between Italy and Germany, was pretty much all that was left over after the Turks took Constantinople

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humanism
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A thought-process that was a response to the middle ages where men sought a new understanding of art and history outside the view of religion

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Inquisition
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A period where the Catholic church tried to persecute heritics

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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian Renaissance Polymath who epitomized the humanist ideal

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Lorenzo the Magnificent
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Florentine Republic ruler during the Italian Renaissance who funded many artists during his time

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Louis XI
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"The Prudent" who was the king of France and expanded the power of the royal dukes

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Machiavelli, Niccolo
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Italian historian, philosopher and humanist who wrote the satiric "The Prince"

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Mannerism
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A period during the Italian Renaissance which emphasized elongated proportions and poses

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Montezuma
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The ninth Aztec emperor who was capture and killed by Cortez to take over his land

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More, Thomas
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English lawyer, philosopher and humanist, commemorated as the "Reformation martyr"

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Neo-Platonism
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Modern form of scholastic thought that originated in B.C. Greek which was brought back during the renaissance

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New Monarchs
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European rulers who united smaller groups of people in the 15th century

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oligarchy
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A city where a group of prominent people ruled instead of a single ruler

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Ottoman Empire
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Turkish empire who conquered Constantinople

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Papal States
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States within Italy which were under the direct rule of the papacy

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Parliament
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A legislature who is under the control of UK whose functions are representation, legislation, and parliamentary control

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Peace of Lodi
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Treaty between Milan, Naples, Florence on April 9th, 1454

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Perspective
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A technique of which one would represent three-dimensional perspectives on a one dimensional canvas

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Petrarch
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One of the earliest humanists who is considered the father of humanism

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Pope Julius II
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"The Warrior" or "The Fearsome" whose papacy was known by active foreign policy, many building projects, and patronage for the arts

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popolo grasso
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"Fat rulers" who were wealthy and ruled Italian states

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principality
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A monarchical fuedatory system who is ruled by a monarch with the title of the prince

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Raphael
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Italian painter and architect during the high renaissance part of the "trinity" along with Michelangelo and da Vinci

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Reconquista
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The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula back from the Turks by some of the European nations

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Reichstag
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German words in which means parliament

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Renaissance
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A cultural movement in which a rebirth of classical Greek and Roman arts

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Renaissance Man
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Someone who was proficient in many different subjects, such as painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, and philosophy.

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republic
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A country that is considered public matter and not up to the emperor or ruler

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rhetoric
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the art of discourse that improves a speaker's thoughts due to the points to which he appeals

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Roman Catholic Church
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The world's largest Christian church which is headed by the pope, which also includes cardinals and bishops

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scholasticisim
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A teaching style in which one learns dialectical reasoning and is able to conclude points and observations

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secularism
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The separation between governmental institutions and religious institutions

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Signoria
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Governing authority in the Italian city-states within the renaissance

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Signori
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An equivalent to "Mr." in an Italian-speaking area

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Sistine Chapel
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Best known chapel which is in the Vatican city which was fresco-ed by many renaissance artists including Michelangelo and Botticelli

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The Courtier
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A book detailing the proper manners for Italian renaissance court life

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The Prince
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One of the first modern philosophy books written by Machiavelli

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The School of Athens
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A fresco painted by Raphael which was thought to have all of the classical spirit of the High Renaissance

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Utopia
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Greek word meaning "perfect land", but when pronounced could sound like "not land," combining to mean the "non-existent perfect land"

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van Eyck, Jan
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Flemish painter who became the most significant Northern European painters

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Vasari, Giorgio
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Italian painter, writer and historian who is famous for his bibliographies of renaissance artists

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vernacular
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The native language or dialect of a group of people or area

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War of the Roses
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War between the House of Lancaster and the House of York for the throne of England