Ap European History Chapter 13 Vocabulary

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Temporal

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Earthly

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Christian Humanism-

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Humanists.in N. who focused on early Christian (not Greco-Roman) texts

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Erasmus

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Christian Humanist and author of "philosophy of Christ" which stressed simple faith, not complex Catholic doctrines

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More

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Christian Humanist and author of Utopia which criticized both the Catholic Church and society

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Bourgeoisie

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Middle class

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Pluralism

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When church officials took over more than one ofice (often to make money or extend power)

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Frederick the Wise-

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A German prince (of Saxony) who protected Luther

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Indulgence

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A Catholic Church awarded remission for sin

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Modern Devotion

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A religious movement that stressed simple faith, not complex Catholic dogma

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Martin Luther-

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German monk whose 95Ttheses began the Protestant Reformation

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Sacraments

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Specific deeds the Catholic Cl~urch taught one must do to be saved (e.g. confession or baptism)

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Good works-

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Catholic idea that one must do certain things in order to be saved (like the sacraments)

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Justification

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The idea that one has earned (or is justified in the eyes of God) salvation

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Pope Leo X

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Pope during the Luther controversy

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Tetzel

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Dominican monk sent to Saxony to sell indulgences (i'coin rings, soul springs")

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95 Theses-

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Luther's 95 objections to the sale of indulgences

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Leipzig Debate-

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Debate between Luther and Catholic theologian Eck where Luther had to admit he objected to far more than merely the sale of indulgences

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Excommunication

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Being thrown out of the church

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Emperor Charles V

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Holy Roman Emperor whose Edict of Worms demanded Luther's arrest

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Lutheranism

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Luther's new non-Catholic Christian faith

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Peasant's War (1520s)-

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Uprising against prince's inspired by Luther's challenges to authority

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Priesthood of all believers-

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Luther's rejection of the Catholic Church's ecclesiastical hierarchy

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Ecclesiastical hierarchy-

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Catholic Church's belief that Catholic Clergy were closer to God than non-clergy

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Schmalkaldic League-

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German Protestant alliance against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

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Habsburg-Valois Wars-

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Wars in early 1500s between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and France

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Schmalkaldic Wars-

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Wars in 1540s between Charles V and the Protestant German princes

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Scandinavia

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Term for the N. European stales of Denmark, Norway and Sweden

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Zwingli

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Protestant reformer in Zurich, Switzerland whose fought a civil war against Catholic Swiss leaders but lost and was killed in 153 1

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Anabaptists

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Protestants who emphasized the voluntary nature of faith and the complete separation of church and state

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Millenarianism

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Belief that the end of the world is at hand

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Menno Simons-

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Founder of Anabaptist group called Mennonites

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Thomas Cranmer-

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Archbishop of Canterbury who refused to go along with Henry VIII's split from the Catholic Church and was executed

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Henry VIII

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English king who broke from Catholic Church in 1530s

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Act of Supremacy-

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Law that made British Monarchs the head of the Church of England (a.k.a. the Anglican Church)

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Edward VI

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Henry VIII's sickly son who died at the age of 14

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Mary I

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Henry VIII's daughter who ruled from 1553-1 558 and along with her husband Philip I1 of Spain tried to bring England back to the Catholic fold

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Tudor

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Royal dynasty of England during the 1500s

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John Calvin

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Protestant theologian whose Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) synthesized Protestant thought

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Predestination

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Calvin's idea that God has already chosen who is saved and people cannot earn salvation

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Geneva

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City in Switzerland Calvin established as a Calvinist theocracy

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John Knox-

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Scottish Calvinist who visited Calvin's Geneva and brought back ideas to Scotland where it came to be called Presbyterianism

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Puritans

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English Calvinists

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Jesuits

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a.k.a. Society of Jesus; an order of priests founded by Loyola whose The Spiritual Exercises was a training manual for spiritual developments. It emphasized discipline and education

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Pope Paul III

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Reform-minded Pope who called together the Council of Trent which reaffirmed Catholic dogma (even indulgences) but admitted that the church had problems with comption

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Index of Forbidden Books-

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Created by reactionary Pope Paul IV to keep Protestant ideas from spreading to Catholic areas

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Huguenots

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French Calvinists

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St Bartholornew's Day Massacre-

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Catholic French regent Catherine de'Medici orders the assassination of many Huguenots who were attending the wedding of Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre in Paris in August, 1572

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King Henry IV-

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Title Henry of Navarre took when he converted to Catholicism and became king of France in 1594

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Edict of Nantes-

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Law passed by French King Henry IV guaranteeing Huguenots the right to exist in France

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King Philip II

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Spanish king as well as Holy Roman Emperor (son of Charles V)? he was an ardent Catholic and fought Protestants in England and the Holy Roman Empire

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Duke of Alva-

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Spanish general sent by Philip I1 to crush Protestants in the Netherlands and whose Council of Blood put many to death

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William of Orange

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Fought against the Spanish in the Netherlands which eventually broke free from Spain in 1609

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Elizabeth I

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British queen after Mary I whose Elizabethan Compromise kept Catholics and Protestants from fighting in England

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Puritans

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English Calvinists who wanted to purify the Anglican faith of all its Catholic vestiges

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Spanish Armada-

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Spanish king Philip II's navy is sent to England to punish England for piracy and bring England back into the Catholic fold. It is defeated.