Ap European History Ch 14, 15, 16 Mckay

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Dutch East India Company

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Joint Stock Company. 1602. Heavily cut into portuguese spending. Readed between Dutch Republic, Latin America, and the East. Results include wealth for Dutch and imperialist exploration efforts.

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Spanish Armada

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A naval fleet prepared by King Phillip to attack Queen Elizabeth's army. English Channel. 1588. King Phillip of Spain wanted to spread Catholicism. When attempt to put Queen Mary into power failed, he decided to send the Spanish Armada to England, where they were defeated. Partially because Phillip's earlier focus on the Ottomans, and weakness of Spanish Fleet. Consequences: Prevented Phillip II from imposing religious unity on Europe by force, Spanish defeatism, and English National Sentement.

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Concordat of Bologna

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France and Holy Roman Empire/Pope Leo X and King Francis. 1516. Treaty between King and Pope in which King agreed to recognize the supremacy of the Papavy over a universal council. In return, the french crown gained the right to appoint all bishops and abbors. Superceded the Pragmatic Sanction of Borgues. This gave the monarchy a longlasting rich supplement of money, offices, and power over the church that lasted a long time. The CoB explains why france did not later become protestant; in effect, it established Catholocism as state religion thus reducing large range impact of Hugenots.

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Edict of Nantes

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France. Declared by Henry IV. 1598. A comprimise between catholics and protestants that granted liberty of concience and liberty of public worship to hugenots in several towns. Prepared the way for french absolutism by restoring internal peace inf rance. It hurt the relationshio b.w france and pope while it was still in place. Ultimetly, peace strengthened catholocism in cathoic areas, and since it later got revoked, hugenot power ended up getting disolved in the long run.

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Sully (Maximillian de Bethure)

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Protestant duke of sully and cheif minister under Henry IV. 1559-1641. France. Combined indirect taxes on salt, sales, and transit and leased their connection to financerrs. Although number of taxes declines, revenues increased because of resulting increase of trade. Thus, he helped to restore the treasury and encourage agriculture and industry.

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Intendants

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1634. Administration system established by Cardinal Richeleu to strengthen Royal Control in France. Almost always recruited from robe nobility, and were responsible for looking after 32 districts. Held commission to perform specific tasks, oftern financial but also judicial and political. Could not be natives of the district. The effect of intendents was to suboordinate competeing nobilities and institutions in the french monarchy by shrinking the royal council.

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Test Act

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1673. England. Enacted by Parliment and mandated that those who refused to recreate the Euchrist of the church of england could not vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend universities, or even assemble for meetings. Its effect was to compell religious uniformity and drive non church members out. Led to shift from absolutism to constitutionalism because king charles was brought back from exile unter pretense that parlinent would allow this act. Fear of defiance of this act under next king led to glorous revolution, which ended up giving the parliment even more rights.

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Bill of Rights

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England. around 1688. William and Mary were asked to accept this as part of their conditions to become king and queen of England. It was brought about by parliment, who wanted to solidate their supremacy after disaster with King James. Early example of written law. Principles were formulated in direct response to absolutism. Long term effect was to weaking absolutism and forever increase the power of parliment over the crown.

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Second Treastise of Civil Government

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1690. Engliand. Defense of Glorious Revilution by John Locke attempting to explain how a bloodless revolution is able to occur. It maintained that people set up civil governments to protect life, liberty, and property. A government that oversteps this becomes a tyrany. People have right to overthrow a tyranic government. Argues for a relationship between economic and political freedom. On basis of this link, it justified limiting the vote to property oweners. Advocated represebtative government, and his ideas of Natural rights equally valid for all people was especially popular in colonial America.

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Joint Stock Company

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17th Century. Europe. A type of corporation or partnership involving two or more individuals that own shares of stock in the company. Caused a great interest in exploration because most on the companies insisted heavily on trade.

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Pragmatic Sanction

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Charles VI. 1713. Austria. States that Habsburg posessions were never to be divided, even if it meant allowing a woman to take the throne. This lead to charles trying to get his princaples spreat w.in and beyond his realm, and his sucsess resulted in crowning of his daughter. Thus, the Habsburgs increased austrian unity and imperial catholicicm w.in their own domains. Was mostly encouraged, but got opposition from Bohemian Estates.

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Cardinal Richelieu

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1585-1642. France. First Minister of French Crown. His main goal was to subordinate competing groups and institutions to the French Monarchy. SInce Nobility constituted the foremost thread, he sought to curb their power. In 1624, he suceeded in reshufflinf the royal counsil, eliminating potential power breakers. He ended up dominating the council, and his efforts increased French absolutism since it decreased nobility power over king.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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1480-1521. Navigator accredited with circumnavitin the globe by ship. Portuguese navigator sailing for the Spanish. His goal was to find a direct route to the Spices of the Moluccas off the South East coast of Asia. He wanted to accomplish this by sailing westward (not knowing the vast expanse he would have to face). Storms, disease, violence were all problems he faced. He died in a phillipines battle in the name of religion, and very few of his ships made it back to Spain. Revolutionalized European understanding of the world by demonstrating castness of the Pacific. Proved westward passage to be too long, thus Spain abandoned attempt to oust Portugal from Eastern Spice trade.

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Treaty of Westphalia

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1648. Germany. Ended 30 years war origionally between Protestantism and Catholicism, but which grew to be a political battle for control of getmany. One of the consequences of this war was that it unoficially proclaimed the death of the Holy Roman Empire. England too buisy with civil war at the time to bother with this war. Sweden, Holland, Durtch become greater powers. France does not lose power. Germany becomes chaotic as a result of this and the treaty leaves getman area weak for hundreds of years. They are vulnerable to outside control. Continues land grabs after treaty to try and control germany.

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Suleman the Magnificent

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Ottoman Empire. 1520-1566. Sutan of the Ottoman Empire. Ruled ottoman empire under period of great power and posessed states from western persia across North africa. Western accounts of the empire unfavorable. Its extension into europe gave turks a powerful presence in Europe as a power, thus making them a threat to Europe.

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Jean Baptise Colbiert

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1619-1683. France. Son of wealthy merchant whom king louis named controller genreral of finances. Financial genius whose central principle was that wealth and economy of france should serve the stante. Mercantalism -> founder of this idea because he promoted government regulation of economic activities self sufficient france. Outflow of gold halted and wealth of nation increased. Even though he faced war and tax crisises, he still managed to pursue his goals without massive tax increases and without creating a new stream of offices.