Ap Euro Unit 5 Fc

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Stamp Act

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passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed.

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Tea Act

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passed by Parliament on May 10, 1773, would launch the final spark to the revolutionary movement in Boston. The act was not intended to raise revenue in the American colonies, and in fact imposed no new taxes.

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Common Sense

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a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–76 that inspired people in the Thirteen Colonies to declare and fight for independence from Great Britain in the summer of 1776.

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Saratoga

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The word Saratoga is shorthand for two battles that gave the coup de grace to the 1777 British invasion from Canada during the American Revolutionary War.

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democratic republic

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strictly speaking, a country that is both a republic and a democracy. It is one where ultimate authority and power is derived from the citizens, and the government itself is run through elected officials

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social class

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a division of a society based on social and economic status.

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hierarchies

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a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

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social status

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the position or rank of a person or group, within the society.

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elite

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a select part of a group that is superior to the rest in terms of ability or qualities.

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Assembly of Notables

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a group of high-ranking nobles, ecclesiastics, and state functionaries having deliberative powers, convened by the King of France on extraordinary occasions to consult on matters of state.

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Estates General

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Summoned by King Louis XVI to propose solutions to his government's financial problems

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Three Estates

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the three divisions of European society in the Middle Ages: the nobles (first estate), the clergy (second estate), and the commoners (third estate).

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Tennis Court Oath

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a pivotal event during the first days of the French Revolution. The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789

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Bastille

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a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France.

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The "Great Fear"

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a general panic that occurred between 17 July and 3 August 1789 at the start of the French Revolution. Rural unrest had been present in France since the worsening grain shortage of the spring, and fueled by the rumours of an aristocrat "famine plot" to starve or burn out the population, peasant and town people mobilized in many regions

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National Constituent Assembly

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formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789, during the first stages of the French Revolution. It dissolved on 30 September 1791 and was succeeded by the Legislative Assembly

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights

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liberal

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a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality

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conservative

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holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion

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moderate

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a person who holds moderate views, especially in politics

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Civil Constitution of the Clergy

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was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that subordinated the Roman Catholic Church in France to the French government.

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Girondists

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a political faction in France in 1792–93 within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution.

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Robespierre

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a French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.

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sans culottes

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a lower-class Parisian republican in the French Revolution.

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"September Massacres"

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a wave of killings in Paris (2–7 September 1792) and other cities in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution.

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Reign of Terror

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a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".

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"Law of Suspects"

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a decree passed by the Committee of Public Safety on 17 September 1793, during the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution.

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Thermidorian Reaction

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the parliamentary revolt initiated on 9 Thermidor, year II (July 27, 1794), which resulted in the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the collapse of revolutionary fervour and the Reign of Terror in France

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Concordat

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an agreement or treaty, especially one between the Vatican and a secular government relating to matters of mutual interest

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Code of Napoleon

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the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.

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Prefects

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an official who was appointed by a magistrate, for a fixed period and a special task

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Grande Empire

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replaced the ailing Holy Roman Empire which was basically a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire. Napoleon had crowned himself emperor of the French in 1804 and in 1806, he ended the Holy Roman Empire once and for all by replacing it with the Confederation of the Rhine

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Quadruple Alliance

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a treaty signed in Paris on 20 November 1815 by the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

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Metternich

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a politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation

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Congress of Vienna

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a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815

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Alexander I

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reigned as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825. He was the first Russian King of Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland

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indemnity

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security or protection against a loss or other financial burden

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Edmund Burke

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an Irish statesman born in Dublin; author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party

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Concert of Europe

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was founded by the powers of Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, who were the members of the Quadruple Alliance that defeated Napoleon and his First French Empire.

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Monroe Doctrine

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a US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention

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Treaty of Adrianople

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concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It was signed on 14 September 1829 in Adrianople by Count Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov of Russia and by Abdülkadir Bey (tr) of the Ottoman Empire.

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Peterloo

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occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation.

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Charles X

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known for most of his life as the Count of Artois before he reigned as King of France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830

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Ferdinand VI

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called the Learned, was King of Spain from 9 July 1746 until his death. He was the fourth son of the previous monarch Philip V and his first wife Maria Luisa of Savoy

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Nicholas I

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the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland