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Renaissance
Italian: rinascita
(1350-1600)

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Means "rebirth" Time of significant contributions to western civilization. Especially in lit, art, philosophy, political&historical thought.

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Itanlian and Northern
Renaissance

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Italian Renn:primarily interested in secular concerns
Norhtern Renn:Religious concerns; lay foundation for Protestant Reformation

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City States

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Self-governing state consisting of a city and surrounding territory. ie Italy during Renaissance

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Humanism

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Debated term among scholars; characterizeed as a program of study, including rhetoric and lit, based on what students in the classical world would have studied.

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Petrarch

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Francesco Patrarch, considered the father of humanism. Coined the phrase "Dark Ages" Sought out to find and study original classical Latin works.

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Classical Civilizations And Renaissance

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The ideas and philosophies of ancient Greece and Rome were revived during the Renaissance.

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Civic Humanists

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A group of wealthy young Flourentines who were inspired by Ptrarch's work, and went further by studying classical Greek language.

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Plato

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Ancient Greek Philosopher who had a great deal of interest to Renaissance writers.

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Pico della Mirandola

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Renaissance writer who wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man" inspired by Plato's belief that ideals exist beyond our ability to recognize them.

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Castiglione

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One of the Renaissance writers who strove to describe the ideal man of the age. Wrote "The Courtier"

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Lorenzo Valla

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Critcal figure in the field of critical text analysis. Found that languages could tell a history of their own.

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Women In the Renaissance

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In the Middle Ages only women connected to nunneries learned to read and write, during Renaissance,a# of wealthy secular woman learned these skills.

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Medival Art vs. Renaissance Art

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Ren. Artsmen were given more individual recognition than Midival "annonymous craftsmen" Ren. Artist sought prestige and partonage from secular individuals vs spritual message, started using oil paintings, chiaroscuro,4 single point perspective

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High Renaissance
(end of 15th century)

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Rome replaced Florence as the center of artistic patronage. Series of Popes were very interested in the arts

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Raphael (1483-1520)

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High Renaissance Artist who was given very important cmmissions in the Vatican palaces

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Leonardo DA Vinci (1452-1519)

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High Renaissance Artist, but also a military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist and inventor. Sketchbooks show workable designs fo submarines and helicopters. Painted the Mona Lisa

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Michelangelo (1475-1564)

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High Renaissance Artist/ sculptor. Famous works: sculpture of David,Sistine Chapel, Commissioned by 4 popes

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Northern Renaissance

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Italian Renaissance writers thought less about religion than the Northern writers, for whom Religion was paramount. They began to study early Christian authors

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Christian Humanists

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Northern writers such as Erasmus and More who criticized the mother church.

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Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536)

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Greatest northern humanist, wrote many books about the Church and beliefs, was at first impressed with MArtin Luther's attack on church, but wanted to reform not abandon

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Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)

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Englishman who wrote "Utopia" and became a martyr when he wouldn't recognize Henry VIII as the Head of the Church of England

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Albrecht Durer

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Northern Renaissance Artist whose woodcuts powerfully lent support to the doctrinal revolution of Martin Luther

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William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

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Great English playwrite who was unrivaled

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Johannes Gutenburg

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Invented the movable type printing press.

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Influence of Renaissance On Reformation

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The Renaissance led individuals to question certain aspects of the church;beliefs, pracitices, teachings

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Problems in the church

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1. Growing anticlericalism
2. a rise in pietism
3. poorly educated lower clergy
4.Simony

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Geoffrey Chaucer

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wrote "The Canterbury Tales"

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Great Schism

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a time caused by the sad specter of three competing popes excommunicating each other.

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Pietism

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The notion of a direct relationship between an individual and God

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John Wycliffe (1329-1384))

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English man involved in the religious movement; questioned many things; told his followers to read the Bible and interpret it for themselves

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Jan Huss (1369-1415)

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Led a revolyt in Bohemia that combined religious and nationalistic elements; Was called before the Council of Constance in 1415& was burned at the stake

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Indulgences

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A practice that began during the drusades, people could pay the Church and buy their way into Heaven

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Martin Luther and the 95 Theses

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Martin Luther tacked his 95 theses on the door of the Castle Church at Wittenberg. The theses attacked many practices og the Church and caused much controversey.

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Johann Tetzel

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A Dominican friar who was sent to preach the indugence throughout Germany with the famous phrase "A soon as the gold in the basin rings, the soul to heaven rings."

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Diet Of Worms

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a meeting of the German nobility.

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Sacraments

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Marriage, Ordination, Extreme Unction, Comfirmation, Penance, Communiuon, Baptism)

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Celibacy

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a : abstention from sexual intercourse b : abstention by vow from marriage

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3 Reasons why the Refrormation Succeeded

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1.Luther and his church were socially conservative and therefore not a threat to the social order 2.Luther was willing to subordinate his church to the authority of the German princes 3.Political issues within the Holy Roman Empire

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German Protestant Revolt of 1525

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German peasants revolted as a result of worsening economic conditions and a belief the Luther waas calling for egalitarianism

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Preisthood of all Believers

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Luthers call which was misinterpreted by the German peasants as a message of social egalitarianism

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

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Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire during the Reformation

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Peace Of Augsburg, 1555

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granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by a Lutheran, while a Cotholic ruler ensured the area remained Catholic.

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Anabaptists

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a religious sect that denied the idea of infant baptism

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Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

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Swiss reformist who's ideas were similar to Luther's but had major differences. Denied the sacraments and did not belive Christ was in the eucharist.

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John Calvin (1509-1564)

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French reformist who settled in Geneva Switzerland; wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religian", started Calvinism

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Predestination

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Calvin's view that grace is only given to few individuals while the rest were cosigned to hell

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Huguenots

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French Calivinists

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Henry VIII (r.1509-1546)

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English King who at first was supportive of the Catholic Church, but then started the Church of England when he couldn't get a divorce

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Catherine of Aragon

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Henry VIII's wife who he tried to divorce

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Anne Boleyn

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Young woman in Henry VIII's court whom he fell in love with.

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Act of Supremacy

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Acknowledged the King of England as the Supreme Head of the Church of England

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Church Of England (Anglican)

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The Church started by Henry VIII

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Edward VI (r.1547-1553)

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son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour

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Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)
Bloody Mary

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Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who tried to reconnect England with the papacy

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Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

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Daughter of Henru VIII and Anne Boleyn who worked out a religous settle ment for the Church of England

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Catholic Reformation/ Counter-Reformation

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The Catholic Church taking steps to counteract some of the successes of the Protestant side.

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Index of Prohibited Books

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Created in the Counter Rerformation which included works by writers like Erasmus and Galileo

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papal Inquisition

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Roman Catholic tribunal for the discovery and punishment of heresy

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Council of Trent (1545-1563)

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Catholic movement that enhanced the power of the papacy and made reforms such as limiting the selling of church offices.

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Baroque Art

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form of art that came about due to the Council of Trent

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Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

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served as a teaching order and also as Catholic missionaries

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Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

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Spanish noble who organized the Jesuits