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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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they were the targets of the witch hunts
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old and poor, but particularly middle-aged, single, or widowed women
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harmful magic was called
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Malificium (spells and curses)
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witches were often called
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cunning folk
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the belief in witches affected all classes and cultures but the continued fear of witches was spread by
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the clergy
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witch hunts were practiced by
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the church
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witchcraft was more commonly practiced where
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small villages and the clergy
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what was not a problem for James I?
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there was no catholic opposition
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what political and religious problems did James I inherit?
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-huge royal debt
-a divided church |
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When James I became determined to maintain the Anglican episcopy
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puritans began to flee england
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The Petition of Right required
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-no forced loans or taxation w/o parliament consent
-no imprisonment of any freedom w/o due clause -troops should not be billeted in private homes |
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After dissolving Parliament in 1629, Charles I did not call it again until 1640 when
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he required funds to crush The Scots religious rebellion
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One of the more extra-parlimentary taxes Charles I was called
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ship money
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the policy of "thorough" refers to
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imposed strict efficiency and administrative centralization in govt (goal=absolute control)
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Charles I's major opposition leader in parliament was
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John Pym
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What is the "Long Parliament"
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20 yr, called after Scottish invasion, executed both Duke of Strafford and Archbishop Laud, court of High Commission and the Court of the Star chamber were abolished, inland ext of ship money made illegal, parliament could not be dissolved w/o their consent
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The "Grand Remonstrance" was
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a list of more than 200 grievances against the crown
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The "Roundheads" were
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supporters of Parliament
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The "Cavaliers" were
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supporters of Charles
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What best explains Parliament's victory in the Civil War?
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- alliance w/ scotland concerning presbyterian church governance
-reorganization of Parliamentary Army under Oliver Cromwell |
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The Solemn League and Covenant was
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an agreement that committed Parliament, and the Scots, to a presbyterian system of church governance
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Facts about the "Rump Parliament"
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- religiously independent
- abolished Monarchy, House of Lords, and Anglican Church - executed Charles as a public criminal |
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From 1649 to 1660, England was in fact a military despotism but officially was called a
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Puritan Republic
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Cromwell's official title was
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Lord Protector
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Cromwell forced the native Irish Catholics to move west to which Irish province?
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Connaught
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Why did Parliament readily support the monarchy of Charles II?
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b/c they were dissatisfied w/ the reign of Cromwell
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The Clarendon Code was a series of laws which
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-excluded catholics, presbyterians, and indepenents (Puritans) from religious and political life of the nation
-fines for non-anglican church attendance -strict adherence to Book of Common Prayer and 39 Articles - to serve in gov, must make oath to COE |
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What did the Navigation Acts lead to?
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a series of naval wars btwn Holland and England
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What did the Treaty of Dover (1670) do?
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made formal alliance btwn France and England against the Dutch
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The Test Act of 1672 was aimed at
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-Roman Catholics
-required all officials of the Crown, civil and military, to swear an oath against transubstantiation |
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The Popish Plot was what?
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-Titus Oates, liar, swore to magistrate that:
-King's Catholic wife, through her physician, was plotting w/ Jesuits and Irishmen to kill the king and install James II as king |
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The goal of James II's domestic policies was to
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-install absolutism
-subject all English institutions to the power of the monarchy |
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Politically and legally, the Glorious Revolution replaced who with whom?
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James II with William and Mary of Orange
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the "traditional liberties" which William of Orange's invasion preserved were
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- Anglican Church
- Parliamentary government |
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The Act of Settlement of 1701 did what?
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provided for the English crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if none of the children of Queen Anne(r1702-1714) survived
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Which philosopher was most influenced by the Glorious Revolution?
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John Locke (Second Treatise of Government)
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"Politics Drawn From the Very Words of Holy Scripture" was an endorsement of
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divine right monarchy (written by Bishop Jacques Bossuet)
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Leviathan was an endorsement of practical absolutism written by
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Thomas Hobbes
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Royal agents used to enforce the centralized administration of France under Cardinal Richelieu were called
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intendents
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The last serious attempt to limit the power of the French Crown was the revolt of nobles called
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The Fronde
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One way in which Louis XIV limited the power of high nobility was by
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moving lower nobility to positions of importance
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The revocation of the Edict of Nantes was ordered in Louis XIV's Edict of
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Fontainebleau
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The practice of increasing government regulation to aid the finances of the state is called
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mercantilism
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the chief architect of French Mercantilism was
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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this man was instrumental in the development of the French army
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François Michel Le Tellier, the marquis of Louvois
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Nobles participated in demeaning ceremonies in Louis XIV's court because
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they wanted titles, offices, and pensions
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France failed to conquer the Spanish Netherlands because of
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Triple Alliance of the Dutch, English, and Swedes
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the coalition that prevented Louis XIV from attaching the Holy Roman Empire to his holdings was called
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League of Augsburg
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The Peace of Utrecht ended this war
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War of the Spanish Succession
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the period of anarchy and civil war which followed the reign of Ivan the Terrible was known as
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The Time of Troubles
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Russian agricultural society was characterized by
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serfdom
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the most significant Romanov ruler of the 18th century was
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Peter the Great
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Which of the following statements best applies to Peter the Great of Russia?
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Westernization was predominantly technical, b/c is modernized the army
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Peter the Great's cultural reforms:
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granted russian women new freedoms, but not complete emancipation
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"The Main Business of Natural Philosophy is to argue from Phenomena without feigning Hypothesis, and to deduce Causes from Effects, till we come to the very first Cause, which certainly is not mechanical." This quote encompasses the main beliefs of
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Sir Isaac Newton
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The baroque style of art developed from
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an attempt to combine a classical style w/ extravagance and ornimentation
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Spinoza believed that women
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were inferior to men
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The Scientific Revolution forced Europeans
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to change their conception of themselves
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The 3 Laws of planetary motion was the work of
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Johannes Kepler
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The Great Restoration
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Sir Francis Bacon
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Ethics in Geometrical Manner
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Benedict de Spinoza
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Principia
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Two Treatises of Government
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John Locke
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On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Wonderful Metamorphosis...of Caterpillars
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Maria Sibylla Merian
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Discourse on Method
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Rene Descartes
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On the Motion of Heart and Blod
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William Harvey
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Leviathan
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Thomas Hobbes
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On the Fabric of the Human Body
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Andreas Vesalius
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Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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John Locke
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Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
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Sir Isaac Newton (aka Principia)
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Pensees
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Blaise Pascal
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Observations of Experimental Philosophy
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Margaret Cavendish
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This was an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and scientific method to all aspects of society
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The Enlightenment
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One reason for the philosophe's call for freedom was that
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censorship of their work
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The Enlightenment enhanced the culture of
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France
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In the "Persian Letters" what did Persia stand for?
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France
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Baron de Montesquieu believed that there were 3 types of government: republics, monarchies and ...
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despotism
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Montesquieu's most famous work was
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On the Spirit of Laws
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the concept of separation of powers would be incorporated in the constitution of
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USA
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Voltaire was most closely associated with the idea of
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religious toleration
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Peter the Great's foreign policy had as its primary goal:
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secure warm water ports that would allow trade w/ western europe
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landowning nobility in russia were called the what?
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boyars-controlled the country
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the elite military unit stationed in Moscow during the time of Peter the Great was the what?
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streltsy
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The Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) gave control of Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, and Transylvania to
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Austria - establishing an Austrian Empire in southeastern Europe
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The Duke of Lerma's primary interest was what?
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accumulating power and wealth for himself and his family
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in order to build Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power, Frederick William
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had to build a large standing army
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Which country exerted the most influence on Italy during the 18th century?
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Austria
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The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic witnessed what?
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-a rivalry btwn a monarchial republic and a centralized gov
-a calvinist church w/ religious tolerance -economic prosperity caused by trade |
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Why did 17th century governments intervene in the economic affairs of their nations?
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b/c they needed funds to maintain large military
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Despite military conflicts, by the beginning of the 17th century, European nations treated the Ottoman Empire as
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just another European power
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Severe political crisis follows the death of King Gustavus Adolphus in
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Sweden
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the attempt to synthesize the philosophy of Plato with Christianity was called
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Neoplatonism
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a 15th century intellectual movement that saw divinity in all aspects of nature, including alchemy and magic
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hermeticism
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a new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation
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Scientific Revolution
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Which major contributor to the Scientific Revolution had the most difficulty with Martin Luther?
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Copernicus
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Which major contributor to the Scientific Revolution had the most difficulty with the Roman Catholic Church?
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Galileo
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Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems made an impact on the Roman Catholic Church because
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Galileo - Earth moves
Church - no move |
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Tyco Brahe did most of his work in
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Near Copenhagen - Uraniburg
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Pantheism is a belief most associated with
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Benedicte Spinoza
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Scientists were able to communicate with other scientists and with a wider literate audience because of the emergence of
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royal societies
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The nature and value of women had been the subject of a centuries long debate known as
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Cuerelles Des Femmes
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by the end of the 18th century these women were merely accessories to the art they once controlled, except for the poor
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midwife
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he urged experimentation and scientific method in all things
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Sir Francis Bacon
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the philosophy of Rene Descartes
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stressed separation of mind and matter
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Rene Descartes concept of rationalism can best be expressed as
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Cognito ergo sum
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the belief of God created the universe and after doing so had no direct involvement in it is called
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deism
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Denis Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was
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Encyclopedia
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This group claimed that they could discover the natural laws of economics and that they were demonstrable just like the laws of geometry or algebra
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The Physiocrats
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Adam Smith's statement on laissez-faire was contained in his book. Smith believed the true source of a nation's wealth was
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its labor
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The "Social Contract" was written by
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Rousseau criticized most Enlightenment thinkers because on the grounds that they
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cared about materialism and progress but not virtue and happiness
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Rousseau's ideas about the role of women were strongly challenged by
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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The supreme power, according to Rousseau, was
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the General Will
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the woman largely given credit as the founder of European feminism was
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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this was established in the 17th century by women who wanted the company of men without the demands of sexual love
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The Salon
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this is the art style that by 1730 began to affect decoration and architecture
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Rococo
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John Wesley founded which religion?
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Methodism
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"The Messiah" a great oratorio was written by
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George Frideric Handel
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the most famous Hohenzollern monarch was
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Frederick the Great
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the war of the Austrian Succession starts when Prussia tries to seize this province
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Silesia
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the only ally of Prussia in the Seven Years War was
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Britain
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the ruler of Austria during the Seven Years War was
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Maria Theresa
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the architect of British victory over the French in the Seven Years War was
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William Pitt the Elder
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the key North American battle during the 7 Years War was the confrontation between Wolfe and Montcalm at
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Plains of Abraham outside Quebec
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enlightened despots justified their absolutism by
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claimed that they governed in the people's interest
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what was the religious position of Prussia and Frederick the Great?
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granted religious freedom for all
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Which of the following was NOT a reform of Frederick the Great?
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agricultural improvements, promoted education, equal treatment under law, religious toleration
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Catherine the Great was married to Czar
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Peter III
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Catherine the Great crushed a Cossack, peasant revolt led by
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Emelyan Pugachev
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the reforms of Catherine the Great
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-in art, literature, science, and greated local gov
-reforms had little value to most Russians the noble (boyars) gained more control over the serfs than they had |
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Joseph II of Austria subjected the church to state control by
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seizing church lands
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Which of the following actions did Joseph II take to weaken the noble class?
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- taxing them
- cancelled many obligation of their serfs |
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Enlightened absolutism ultimately failed because it failed to remove the causes of discontent which were
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autocracy, class distinctions, unfair taxation, frequent wars, good gov could not be assured after enlightened despot died
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military officers were primarily from which social class?
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aristocracy or landed nobility
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The War of the Austrian Succession ends with this treaty
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The Treaty of Aix La Chappelle(1748)
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the Seven Years War ends with his treaty
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The Treaty of Paris (1763)
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the landowning nobility of Prussia is known as
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Junkers
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be able to compare Boyars to Junkers
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boyars less loyal to the state than Junkers
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The Pragmatic Sanction was
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-a document of approval
-provided for the recognition of Charles' daughter, Maria Theresa, as the sole heir to the Habsburg throne |
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one groups domination over another group is called
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hegemony
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the two major institutions of Prussia which were the backbone of the nation were
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army and the bureaucracy
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nationalizing the Catholic Church meant what?
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controlling the papacy or controlling the Jesuits or Papal Agents
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what was noticeable increased during the 18th century?
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reading and publishing
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what 17th century introduction proved that popular culture didn't have to rely on oral tradition?
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chap books
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What change advanced the reputation of surgeons in the 1740's
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separated from barbers, went to school, became licensed
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What did Beccaria believe was the purpose of capital punishment?
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not to be used under any circumstance
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